卢氏黑黄檀在红木中归属研讨

随着卢氏黑黄檀在我国大量使用,对卢氏黑黄檀的在红木中的归属纷争不断增加,为了讨论其在红木中的归属,试从木材解剖学、紫外光变色、紫外光照下官能团变化特征的傅立叶红外光分析和热变色四个不同角度对其进行研究鉴定。实验结果表明,卢氏黑黄檀的解剖学特征、紫外光变色的色度学变化趋势、热变色的色度学变化均与檀香紫檀一致,而与黄檀属黑酸枝类树种差别显著。本研究可为红木标准的逐步修正与完善提供参考。     

防水材料在木材保护中的尝试

防水材料是在室外岩土文物保护中广泛使用的一种材料.为了解常用防水材料应用于木材上的效果,使用全自动测色色差仪、接触角测定仪等对防水材料处理前后木材各项性能的变化进行了测定分析,包括颜色变化、接触角变化、毛细吸水、全浸吸水、霉菌实验、防水剂分布和对后续保护的影响.实验表明,各种防水材料处理后的木材都有一定的防水效果.其中,高浓度WD-10在各方面表现优良.在长期的潮湿环境下,木材仍然滋生霉菌,因此需要同时考虑使用防霉防腐剂和其他保护材料.防水材料的使用不会影响到后续保护工作.     

司马金龙墓出土木板漆画屏风残片的初步分析

为了解山西大同北魏司马金龙墓出土木板漆画屏风的颜料使用情况和制作工艺信息,利用Micro-Raman、FrlR、XRF、断面切片等技术,对屏风残片上的四种主要颜色(红,黑,黄,白)、红色漆底层、断面分层进行分析与鉴别,结果如下:(1)屏风所使用的颜料有朱砂、炭黑、雌黄、雄黄、石膏.(2)屏风的红色底层系由生漆与朱砂调和、结膜而成,其中可能未曾添加桐油.(3)屏风彩绘部分的颜料分层十分明确,各层的厚度相对均匀,反映出制作者较为高超的绘画技法.(4)在颜料层、木胎与红色漆底层之间的"过渡层"中,分别观察到一些白色物质.初步分析后认为,"过渡层"中白色物质为羟基磷灰石的可能性较大.颜料层中白色物质的成分和物相仍有待进一步的分析.     

Preservation of fungi in archaeological charcoal

During the analysis of wood charcoal remains from archaeological sites, it is common to find different microorganisms and different forms of degradation present in the plant tissue. However, one may encounter difficulties when attempting to identify these microorganisms and determine when their attack occurred. This paper focuses on preservation aspects related to the microorganisms in wood and demonstrates the structural changes that take place in different types of decayed wood after it was converted into charcoal. The study seeks to determine whether the microbial attack found in archaeological woods took place before the burning of the wood or after. Burning experiments were conducted using wood that had been decayed by various types of fungi including white-rot, brown-rot, and soft-rot. The laboratory burnt wood samples showed decay patterns that were comparable to those observed in archaeological charcoal samples, indicating that signs of fungal infestation and features of decay can be preserved after burning with micromorphological details of mycelium and cell wall attack evident. This indication may provide important information related to the gathering of deadwood as fuelwood. In addition, examples of decayed wood preserved in archaeological charcoal assemblages are described. Their relationship to the archaeological context and environmental conditions may suggest different interpretative models concerning wood management strategies applied by past societies.     

Seismic Performance and Modeling of a Half-Scale Base-Isolated Wood Frame Building

The concept of base isolation is a century old, but application to civil engineering structures has only occurred over the last several decades. Application to light-frame wood buildings in North America has been virtually non existent with one notable exception. This article quantitatively examines issues associated with application of base isolation in light-frame wood building systems including: (1) constructability issues related to ensuring sufficient in-plane floor diaphragm stiffness to transfer shear from the superstructure to the isolation system; (2) evaluation of experimental seismic performance of a half-scale base-isolated light-frame wood building; and (3) development of a displacement–based seismic design method and numerical model and their comparison with experimental results. The results of the study demonstrate that friction pendulum system (FPS) bearings offer a technically viable passive seismic protection system for light-frame wood buildings in high seismic zones. Specifically, the amount and method of stiffening the floor diaphragm is not unreasonable, given that the inter-story drift and accelerations at the upper level of the tested building were very low, thus resulting in the expectation of virtually no structural, non structural, or contents damage in low-rise wood frame buildings. The nonlinear dynamic model was able to replicate both the isolation layer and superstructure movement with good accuracy. The displacement-based design method was proven to be a viable tool to estimate the inter-story drift of the superstructure. These tools further underscore the potential of applying base isolation systems for application to North America's largest building type.     

Ancient Maya wood selection and forest exploitation: a view from the Paynes Creek salt works,Belize

Ancient building construction wood preserved in a peat bog below the seafloor in a shallow mangrove lagoon in Paynes Creek National Park, Belize, provides an exceptional record of Classic Maya wood use. Identifications of construction wood at Early Classic Chan B'i, and Late Classic Atz'aam Na, are reported and discussed to assess forest exploitation and species selection over time. Black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) dominates the Early Classic assemblage. The Late Classic assemblage is characterized by greater variability and an absence of mangrove species. When considered in the environmental context, identified species conform to principles of optimal foraging. The change in the wood assemblage over time suggests overexploitation of forest resources, resulting in deforestation of the local landscape and subsequent adaptation of foraging behavior. Deforestation is linked to the wider social context in which growing inland populations created demand for salt, putting greater pressure on the forest resources exploited by the Paynes Creek salt works for fuel and timber.     

A variation on forced migration: Wilhelm Peters (Prussia via Britain to Turkey) and Muzafer Sherif (Turkey to the United States)

ABSTRACT

In 1933 the Turkish Republic formally offered university positions to 30 German-speaking academics who were dismissed with the coming to power of the National Socialist Government. That initial number went up to 56 with the inclusion of the technical assistants. By 1948 the estimated total had increased to 199. Given renewable five-year contracts with salaries substantially higher than their Turkish counterparts, the foreign émigrés were to implement the westernization program of higher education. The ten year-old secular Turkish Republic’s extensive social reforms had encompassed the adoption of the Latin alphabet, and equal rights for women, removing gender bias in hiring. Such a high concentration of émigré academics in one institution, “the highest anywhere in the world,” provides a unique opportunity to study a subject which has been neglected. In this article two cases in psychology will be examined: Wilhelm Peters (1880–1963), who came, via Britain, to Istanbul in 1936 from the University of Jena in Germany, and Muzafer Sherif (1906–1988) who went to the United States from Ankara University in 1945. The purpose of the comparative analysis is to identify the features that are specific to the German experience, and those that are shared and underlie translocation in science within the multifaceted complexity of the process of forced migration.     

The telltale potency of a simple milligram of charcoal found in a hearth left by Mesolithic reindeer hunters in the Norwegian mountains

The discovery and excavation of superimposed, information-rich Pre-Boreal hunting sites around the mountain lakes of Myrvatn and Fløyrlivatn in Southwest Norway have been the subject of archaeological debate. A brief review of research is presented here. In contrast to the well-preserved sites, settlement remains of a diametrically different order occur in the strongly water-eroded zone of the lakeshores: small, surface hearths in almost every stage of preservation, from evident hearths to diffuse and irregular scatters of fire-cracked stones. The latter category seems generally underestimated as a source of evidence. However, recent finds at Myrvatn demonstrate how even blurred, heavily eroded and almost intangible hearth remains, by the support of wood anatomical analysis, radiocarbon dating and intra-site comparison, may reveal concise, invaluable information both about the history of local use and regional landscape development.     

古旧木材保存状况多参数检测研究进展

作为人类文化遗产的重要组成部分,古旧木材保存状态的评价及保护至关重要。为了推进对古木材保存评价的深入研究,通过对多参数检测(微形态学、物理学、化学)在微观尺度下评价古旧木材保存状况及腐蚀机理的研究成果进行了综述,在介绍了从木材细胞形态、物理孔隙结构、化学组分含量、分子结构、分子量分布等方面对古旧木材进行评价的基础上,较为全面地阐述了检测各参数的不同表征方法,包括扫描电镜法、氮气吸附法、高效液相色谱法、气相色谱/质谱联用法等,具体分析了不同表征方法间的优缺点,说明了多参数检测古旧木材保存状况的可行性及重要性,并希望以此为切入点探讨古旧木材的宏观力学性能。研究结果在木质文化遗产和历史木构建筑的保护方面具有极大价值。     

太仓万丰村半泾河古船船材主要离子的测试研究

为做好太仓万丰村半泾河古船的脱盐保护工作,本研究检测了半泾河古船的第6、7隔舱板和第8隔舱龙骨及船板下淤泥样品中主要元素和离子的含量,并用电导率仪测量样品在脱盐过程中电导率的变化情况。检测结果表明,木材和淤泥中的主要元素含量高于对照样品,且主要以可溶性盐的状态存在;木材腐蚀程度也与其离子含量有关,腐蚀程度愈严重,样品的离子含量也愈大;经过脱盐处理后,脱盐溶液的电导率值降低至较低水平。测试数据将对今后古船脱盐工作有一定的指导意义。