甘肃秦安大地湾遗址出土白色块状颜料成分分析

渭河流域的大地湾文化诞生了迄今为止我国最早的一批彩陶,彩陶的制作不但反映了当时人们认识自然、利用自然的程度,也反映了大地湾先民的精神世界。为了了解大地湾先民对彩陶白色颜料的认识情况,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、红外光谱(RTIR)、热分析(TG-DSC)方法,分析了大地湾遗址出土4块白(浅)色块状颜料的化学组成、物相组成、热性能。结果发现,白色块状颜料主要分为两类:一类是碳酸盐类,QD1(大地湾二期)和QD2(大地湾四期)主要含有石英、白云石、白云母、绿泥石等;另一类是铝硅酸盐黏土矿类,其中,QD3(大地湾四期)白色部分主要含有石英、无定型的高铝硅酸盐(可能为偏高岭石和钾长石)、方石英、莫来石、钛铁矿等,红色部分为赤铁矿小颗粒,样品表面有碳酸钙沉积,而QD4(具体分期不详)主要含有石英、白云母、钠长石、高岭石等,样品表面有碳酸钙沉积。研究结果可为探讨大地湾先民对彩陶颜料原料的处理、加工情况,制陶工艺水平提供数据支撑。     

湖北随州枣树林墓地青铜器表面纹饰的填彩分析

春秋时期青铜器表面装饰技术发展迅速,装饰方法多样,纹样繁复,纹饰中多有填彩现象以凸显其表面图案的装饰性,但目前与此相关的科技分析较少——相关研究多围绕其艺术价值和文化含义展开,尤其是白色填彩的分析仍处于空白。湖北随州枣树林墓地是春秋时期诸侯国曾国的一处高等级贵族墓地,出土了大量的青铜器。本研究使用红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜-能谱、X射线衍射和热裂解气相色谱-质谱联用等手段,对该墓地出土青铜器表面纹饰阴线中的白色填充物质进行分析,结果表明其主要成分为石英和某种黏土矿物混合而成。该研究为东周时期青铜器表面纹饰的填彩工艺提供了新的证据,可为相关研究提供借鉴。     

Foreign Policy Reviews and Canada's Trade Policy: 1968–2009

Governments, upon assuming office, most often seek to refocus foreign policy according to the preferences of the new prime minister and the primary means of accomplishing this has been to release a white paper outlining the priorities of the new government. This article will demonstrate that discussions of trade issues reinforce existing studies questioning the innovation and impact of white papers. The purpose of this analysis, however, is not to dwell on the utility of white papers and foreign policy reviews but instead search for a deeper understanding of why trade policy is discussed in an unoriginal and superficial manner. The focus of the article is on the period from 1968 to the present.     

Optimum Design of Passive Control Devices for Reducing the Seismic Response of Twin-Tower-Connected Structures

Based on the 3-single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model of twin-tower structures linked by the sky-bridge and passive control devices, the frequency functions and the vibration energy expressions of the structures are derived by using the stationary white noise as the seismic excitation. The analytical formulas for determining the connecting optimum parameters of viscoelastic damper (VED) represented by the Kelvin model and the viscous fluid damper (VFD) represented by Maxwell model are proposed using the principle of minimizing the average vibration energy of either the single tower or the twin tower. Three pairs of representative numerical examples of twin-tower-connected structures are used to verify the correctness of the theoretical approach. The optimum parametric analysis demonstrates that the control performance is not sensitive to damper damping ratio of VED and relaxation time of VFD. The effectiveness of the proposed control strategies based on the 3-SDOF models is also proved to be applicable to multi-degree-of-freedom systems. The theoretical analysis and numerical results indicate that the seismic response and vibration energy of the twin-tower-connected structures are mitigated greatly under the two types of dampers. The presented control strategies of VED and VFD can help engineers in application of coupled structures.     

Exploring normative whiteness: ensuring inclusive pedagogic practice in undergraduate fieldwork teaching and learning

Higher education commentators have become concerned about how learning and teaching praxis across the sector may unwittingly advantage White British (WB) compared to Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) students. Adopting critical race theory, this article explores these issues in relation to field teaching in geography and related subjects. It reports on primary data collected from students about to attend their first residential field trip. The research shows that WB and BME students approach their first field trip with diverse geographical experiences. The findings indicate a need to reflect critically on our fieldwork routines in order to promote inclusivity in field learning.     

WHITE,FRIEDLÄNDER, “… AND THE REST IS HISTORY”: A PAX HISTORIANA

Close analysis of the ostensive disagreement between Saul Friedländer and Hayden White on the necessarily literary character of Holocaust historiography shows instead of conflict two compatible and even mutually supportive emphases in that project: the assumption in modernist and disruptive narratives as elsewhere of a “corpus of facts,” together with the role of figurative discourse in conveying relevant features of events that linear chronological or causal narratives alone do not convey.     

Spying in the British Post Office,Victorian Politics and Wilkie Collins’s The Woman in White

In 1844, the British public learned that the government was secretly opening exiled Young Italy leader Giuseppe Mazzini’s private letters and sharing information with continental authorities. For outraged citizens, espionage in that quintessential liberal institution, the reformed British Post Office, appeared un-English, despotic and criminal, the makings of a Gothic plot. Representations of the Post Office Scandal in Parliament and print predict the revision of the Gothic into the sensation novel that occurred with the publication of Wilkie Collins’s The Woman in White. Attention to the fields of Anglo-Italian studies, mid-Victorian print culture and the development of narrative form in the mid-nineteenth century illustrates the historical and political implications of letter-opening for the emergence of a new fictional genre. The Post Office Espionage Scandal and The Woman in White share a central place in a mid-Victorian moment of evolution in the mutually constitutive relationship between Italian and British national identities, producing and reflecting a crisis in Britishness focused on the secret tyrannies concealed beneath the surface of Victorian liberalism. The letter-opening scandal reveals a crisis in Victorian liberalism in the political realm and the media, while The Woman in White translates this Victorian crisis of confidence into a literary genre defined by exposing the sordid undercurrents of British society: sensation fiction. Together, the espionage scandal and Collins’s novel respond to and generate a challenge to Victorian complacency that emerged out of the collision of British and Italian politics and culture in the mid-nineteenth century.     

Presidential Oral History: The Clinton Presidential History Project

Most conventional oral history takes a bottom-up approach tothe past, focusing on settings where there is little in theway of a functional written record. This essay discusses thevalue of oral history in the opposite case of the American presidency.The written archive and journalistic record on each presidentis immense. Yet oral history is a valuable resource in thiselite environment, too. There are routine silences in even thebest of presidential papers, which oral history interviews canhelp fill. Moreover, the White House has become a workplacewhere recorded details can be hazardous to one's political health.Accordingly, few presidential aides today keep diaries or notesof key meetings—impoverishing the archive future historianswill use to study the presidency of our times. Oral historythus fortifies a weakening documentary record. This essay exploresthese broad issues and how they are being dealt with in theconduct of the William J. Clinton Presidential History Project.     

The Middle Ground, “Middle Ground Moments,” and Accommodation in the Study of Later Qing Borderland History

This article examines Richard White’s concept of the “middle ground” and its prospective application to the study of China’s Qing (1644–1911) borderlands from the late eighteenth century. It argues that although White’s model, in its specific formulation, is problematic to apply due to the dissimilarity of Qing conditions, it yet has value and can be adapted. One possibility is advanced in the notion of “middle ground moments,” briefly explored in the cases of Shaanxi’s Dabashan highlands in a “population boom,” Hunan’s Miao Frontier in the “fog of war,” and Xinjiang’s Kashgar crossroads during the “fall of empires.” Focusing on group exchange, adaptation, and hybridization offers insight into regional cultural creation, as well as a means to question received narratives of breakdown, pacification, resistance, or Great Game struggle. Such modeling, and shared attention to accommodation perspectives generally, also presents a space for dialogue across the New Qing History and Chinese nationalist divide in Qing frontier studies.