绿漆古铜镜的结构成分分析

运用 SEM,XPS,EPMA,Micro-XRD,IR 及 AAS 等仪器分析手段对两块绿漆古铜镜进行了结构成分分析。结果表明,在铜镜表面层中,Sn、Si 的元素含量远高于合金基体内部;表面层下的过渡层内有 O、C、Cl、P 等生锈元素,并有明显被腐蚀痕迹。文章对表面层下的生锈途径进行了探讨;对绿漆古铜镜的特殊成因进行了探索。古铜镜表面加工过程进行的推测,对青铜文物保护有一定参考价值。     

The Middle Ground, “Middle Ground Moments,” and Accommodation in the Study of Later Qing Borderland History

This article examines Richard White’s concept of the “middle ground” and its prospective application to the study of China’s Qing (1644–1911) borderlands from the late eighteenth century. It argues that although White’s model, in its specific formulation, is problematic to apply due to the dissimilarity of Qing conditions, it yet has value and can be adapted. One possibility is advanced in the notion of “middle ground moments,” briefly explored in the cases of Shaanxi’s Dabashan highlands in a “population boom,” Hunan’s Miao Frontier in the “fog of war,” and Xinjiang’s Kashgar crossroads during the “fall of empires.” Focusing on group exchange, adaptation, and hybridization offers insight into regional cultural creation, as well as a means to question received narratives of breakdown, pacification, resistance, or Great Game struggle. Such modeling, and shared attention to accommodation perspectives generally, also presents a space for dialogue across the New Qing History and Chinese nationalist divide in Qing frontier studies.     

苏区时期的"赤白对立"--阶级革命中的非阶级现象

赤白对立是指苏维埃区域与非苏维埃区域之间的对立,出现于苏区周边地区,它不是由土地革命加剧的阶级间的对立,而是一种非阶级的由多种因素引发的以地域为中心的冲突。赤白对立的出现,既有中共自身的原因,也有国民党方面的推波助澜,还缘于社会革命与社会组织间的内在冲突。就中共方面看,前期和后期造成这一现象的原由也不尽相同。赤白对立给中共开展革命造成很大不利影响,某种程度上成为苏维埃时代的一个痼疾。     

耀州窑青瓷白色中间层和化妆土的EDXRF光谱分析

为探讨我国北方著名窑场之一的耀州窑唐、五代时期青瓷胎釉化妆土与北宋时期之间白色中间层的区别,利用具有电子探针微区分析功能的能量色散X射线光谱仪测试。结果表明,北宋时期青瓷的中间层和唐、五代的化妆土在化学组成上存在着一些差异。白色中间层中不仅铁的含量比胎釉都低,CaO和K_2O的含量则高于胎,而靠近釉;而化妆土的化学组成除了Fe_2O_3含量较低外,其它化学组成十分接近瓷胎;中间层和化妆土相比,Fe_2O_3的含量更低一些。     

白马寺寺名探疑

洛阳白马寺素有释源祖庭之称,然其何以以白马为名,说法不一。有以当时所说的梵语语音为据,认为出自意为“莲花”的梵语词padma的音译。此说有其语义和化等诸多方面的因素。考莲花在梵语中分为青、黄、赤、白四种,其中音译为“波头摩”或“钵头摩”的梵语词padma赤莲花较为常见。由于古代汉语以单音节为主和汉字表义性的特点,汉语在吸收接纳外来词时往往立足于适应自己的结构特点而对外来词的结构作有调整,梵语词padma演变为“白马”一词亦可能出于汉语外来词单音节化的省略和意译,即取padma第一个音节pad的对音bak意译为“白莲”的“白”,此后适应汉语词汇双音化的趋势又取献所载白马驮经的俗语源义而将其意译为“白马”。     

日本古代楼阁式木塔的类型学研究

日本现存8～12世纪所建造的楼阁式木塔11座,目前为止,针对这些遗构的实测和基础考察已基本完成,相应的文献研究、木结构技术研究也已经有一定的成果。不过,仍有5座塔的建造年代尚未明确,并且这些楼阁式木塔在形态上是怎样演进的——有关这方面的研究还有待深入。此文对这11座木塔的木构架进行类型学研究,在精确上述5座塔的建造年代的同时,也梳理了日本楼阁式木塔在这5个世纪里的形态演变和各个年代的形态特征。     

关于做好新阶层统战工作的几点思考

本文根据新阶层的特点,从明晰新阶层统战工作思路、创建新阶层统战工作载体、建立健全新阶层统战工作机制三方面对如何做好新阶层统战工作提出了一些建议。     

Sentinel Butte: neutron activation analysis of White River Group chert from a primary source and artifacts from a Clovis cache in North Dakota,USA

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used to characterize the chemical composition of chert from a primary source in western North Dakota. Known as Sentinel Butte, this source is part of the Eocene-age White River Group (WRG), a widespread geological formation on the central and northern Plains. INAA results demonstrate that it is chemically distinct from other known chert-bearing WRG. Further, analysis of three bifaces from the nearby Beach Clovis cache site demonstrates that they are made of chert from Sentinel Butte, and most likely the other 55 White River Group Silicate (WRGS) bifaces in the cache are as well. Although Clovis caches typically are dominated by materials transported hundreds of kilometers, it is argued that the advance manufacture and caching of bifaces even a short distance from a source may be a highly effective tactic to reduce gearing up time and hence search costs associated with the pursuit of mobile game at the close of the Pleistocene.     

湖南桃源出土战国彩绘陶器的科学分析

为研究湖南桃源县战国楚墓出土彩绘陶器的组成结构及保存现状,采用能量色散X射线荧光光谱法(EDXRF)、扫描电镜-能谱法(SEM-EDS)、X射线衍射法(XRD)和激光拉曼光谱法(LRS)等手段对陶器胎体成分、表面彩绘、金属涂层等进行分析检测。结果表明:这批彩绘陶器胎体成分相近,为普通易熔黏土。彩绘陶器表面的红色颜料为朱砂(HgS),黑色颜料为炭黑(C)。在彩绘陶壶、陶鼎和陶敦表面发现金属涂层装饰,通过扫描电镜能谱和X射线衍射分析,确定涂层为单质锡,属于锡涂陶的范畴。同时红外光谱测试显示锡层内面棕黑色物质为生漆,可能混合其他胶结材料。以上结果为研究战国时期彩绘陶器,特别是锡涂陶的制作工艺及发展提供了新的资料。     

BRANDS,TRUST AND QUALITY IN AGRO‐FOOD PRODUCTION NETWORKS: THE CASE OF LAYER HENS

The expansion of primary breeding companies for layer hens has reached a global scale. Two groups of companies, the Dutch Hendrix Genetics BV and the German EW Group GmbH, dominate the trade with layer hens for industrial egg production in most countries of the world. This article aims to identify the main actors of industrial egg production and to analyse the structure of the global layer hen production network. Furthermore, this paper examines the importance of brands and quality within the production network. While the primary breeding level is discussed on a global scale, the secondary breeding level and the egg production is analysed at a national level for Germany. Since the importance of brands is strongly related to the quality of the products and the trust therein, the structure of the layer hen production network in regard to the role of brands and trust is evaluated. For this evaluation, the authors combined the global production network approach with elements of the convention theory.