河南巩义窑、河北邢窑出土瓷器的原料来源研究——以北朝和隋唐时期出产的青瓷、白瓷为例

为探讨河南巩义窑、河北邢窑出土的不同时期青瓷、白瓷的原料来源,用显微观察、电子探针(EPMA)等手段,分析其原料来源及技术工艺进行分析,并探讨两窑之间的技术联系。分析可知,两窑在瓷釉、瓷胎的原料配置上存在差异:巩义窑瓷胎均使用当地高岭土一元配方,瓷釉中加入瓷胎原料为基体并加入高钙草木灰;邢窑瓷胎在使用当地高岭土的基础上加入长石类矿物原料,瓷釉中除瓷胎所使用的黏土以外,还加入含有高钙高镁的草木灰或矿物原料。两窑还存在一些共性如:两窑瓷釉均添加石英类原料以提高SiO_2含量;巩义窑与邢窑两地早期、唐中期产品形制相似,原料配方有共通之处,说明当时两地在陶瓷的原料配方、制瓷技术中有过交流。     

From Domus to Polis: Hybrid Identities in Southey’s Letters from England (1807) and Blanco White’s Letters from Spain (1822)

ABSTRACT

Robert Southey’s fictive travelogue, Letters from England, by Don Manuel Alvarez Espriella (1807), inspired several imitators, most importantly José María Blanco White with his Letters from Spain (1822). These works rejuvenate a fictional device popularised by Montesquieu’s Persian Letters—the “familiar stranger”—at a crucial juncture when British involvement in the affairs of Europe provoked a reassessment of pre-Revolutionary cosmopolitanism. The stranger as home-interpreter calls attention to an emerging emphasis in European Romantic thought on the contingency of freedom with hybrid, mobile identities, prefiguring the psycho-social-historical terrain in which Jean-François Lyotard and Dean MacCannell link modernity with travel and tourism. This essay argues that the Romantic figure of the foreign traveller expresses a condition of travel, reflecting Lyotard’s critique of human contingency in his essay “Domus and the Megalopolis.” Southey’s sympathetic stranger modulates a conversation with Wordsworth about the nature of modern subjectivity, historically contingent yet paradoxically liberated from historical particulars. Blanco White’s Letters from Spain demonstrates how displacement, emigration, and expatriation become refigured as conditions of the modern psyche, especially visible in moments of political crisis, when the cosmopolitan polis is immobilised by the myth of the domus.     

INTENTION AND IRONY: THE MISSED ENCOUNTER BETWEEN HAYDEN WHITE AND QUENTIN SKINNER

No contemporary intellectual historian has produced more influential reflections on the historian's craft than Hayden White and Quentin Skinner, yet their legacy has never been meaningfully compared. Doing so reveals a surprising complementarity in their approach, at least to the extent that Skinner's stress on recovering the intentionality of authors fits well with White's observation that irony is the dominant rhetorical mode of historical narrative in our day. Irony itself, to be sure, has to be divided broadly speaking into its dramatic or Socratic variants and the unstable and paradoxical alternative defended by poststructuralist critics. The latter produced in White an anxiety about the anarchistic implications of an allegedly inherent undecidability in historical interpretation and narration, which threatened to conflate history entirely with fiction. By recovering the necessary role of intentionality as a prerequisite for a more moderate version of Socratic and dramatic irony—in which hindsight provides some purchase on a truth denied actors at the time history is made—it is possible to rescue an ironic attitude that can register the frequency of unintended consequences without surrendering to the conclusion that no explanation or interpretation is superior to another. Against yet a third alternative, which tries to reconstruct the past rationally as a prelude to the present, acknowledging the ironic undermining of intentions avoids giving all the power to the contemporary historian and restores a dialogic balance between actors in the past and their present‐day interpreters.     

Reviews of books

The publication in July 1998 of the Government's White Papers on integrated transport marked the most comprehensive review of transport policy for 30 years. In spite of this, the measures brought forward by the Government are timid and are unlikely in their present form to tackle the underlying problems of increasing car dependence. This paper reviews the Government's Scottish document, Travel Choices for Scotland, and highlights key policy debates in which the voices of geographers should be better heard.     

OPACITY AND TRANSPARENCY IN HISTORICAL REPRESENTATIONS

In his latest book Frank Ankersmit develops a comprehensive philosophical perspective on the problem of the truth and reference of historical representations. The approach and the wider perspective of the book largely belong to what could be called the postmodernist paradigm, in spite of some recent attempts to interpret Ankersmit's recent work differently. Since his 1983 Narrative Logic Ankersmit has propounded the view that individual statements that constitute historical representations may have reference, but that representations themselves do not. His most recent book remains faithful to this position and elaborates it further. This essay examines Ankersmit's arguments as well as the assumptions and implications of this view.     

Petrographic Characterization and Provenance Determination of the Crystalline Marbles Used in the Roman City of Banasa (Morocco): New Data on the Import of Iberian Marble in Roman North Africa

This paper reports the results of an archaeometric study of the crystalline marbles used in the Roman city of Banasa (Morocco). On‐site surveys allowed a detailed inspection of the monuments of the ancient city and sampling of the different marble lithotypes used for architectural purposes and sculptures. The inventory was completed by the study of both the grey‐and‐white streaked or spotted marble items stored in the warehouse of the archaeological site and of those currently exhibited at the National Archaeological Museum of Rabat. Provenance determination of 28 samples was carried out by means of a multi‐method approach combining mineralogical–petrographic data and C–O stable isotope analyses as the first step, and cathodoluminescence microscopy as a complementary technique to verify possible unusual alternative origins of some marbles. The analytical results obtained were compared with both the most reliable international databases and the few available studies dealing with the use of marble in other Roman towns in Morocco (e.g., Volubilis, Thamusida and Sala‐Chellah). They point to a variety of classical marble sources such as Carrara, Mount Penteli, Paros, Marmara and probably Mount Filfila (Algeria), and prove a significant import of Iberian lithotypes.     

韩国粉青沙器的白化妆土工艺及其与中国陶瓷的关系

本文的主题是研究粉青沙器的化妆土工艺出现的历史背景,旨在探讨中韩陶瓷交流对粉青沙器制作的影响。在韩国陶瓷历史上,朝鲜时期(1392-1896)的粉青沙器是具有独特工艺特征的陶瓷样式,即在胎上用白化妆土粉妆,然后采用多样装饰技法,和磁州窑瓷器相似。关于朝鲜王朝制瓷业开始使用化妆土装饰技法的突然性和白瓷生产需求的背景,作者从中韩陶瓷交流史的角度,提出了两个论点:首先,高丽(918-1392)末朝鲜初期制瓷业衰退,在原料和工艺技术恶劣化的情况下,通过借鉴高丽时期已传入的中国磁州窑瓷器的化妆土工艺;应用于粉青沙器的生产。其次,中国陶瓷文化由青瓷转移到白地花纹的青花瓷器的发展趋势,直接影响到朝鲜制瓷业追求白瓷或白地瓷的状况,而在当时朝鲜制瓷业条件的限制下,只能以化妆土工艺表现白色地。这一现象也反映了当时中国先进陶瓷文化及陶瓷审美观念的变化。     

馆藏壁画失效支撑体去除技术研究

馆藏壁画绝大多数为墓葬揭取的,基葬壁画作为一种丧葬文化现象在早期绘画史和思想史上都占有非常重要的地位。馆藏壁画的支撑体是壁画从原址揭取下来后,为长期保存壁画、便于移动与展示,而在其背面重新粘接的。起支撑保护作用的支撑体类型有石膏支撑体、环氧树脂＋木龙骨支撑体、环氧树脂＋铝合金龙骨支撑体等。随着支撑体材料的失效,壁画也遭受不同程度的损伤。因此,失效支撑体的更换是今后馆藏壁画保护不可避免的工作。本文全面系统总结了馆藏壁画失效支撑体的类型及其去除技术及工艺,为今后壁画的保护修复提供了技术支撑。     

"层累地造成的中国古史"--一个带有普遍意义的知识论命题

顾颉刚“层累地造成的中国古史”一说的内涵不仅仅局限于史料学的层面,它的现代性似乎主要体现在顾颉刚对历史知识一般性质、尤其是其不确定性的看法上或对历史知识的谦卑的态度上。搁置历史本体、着重于古史知识形成过程的“层累构成说”标明了顾颉刚经验主义的知识立场。而在普遍的知识论意义上,从怀疑古史记录到怀疑全部历史记录,顾颉刚事实上已经触及了历史知识的一般性质与“神话”的性质的关系问题。     

二里头遗址出土饰牌纹饰解读

本文对二里头遗址出土的饰牌纹饰进行解读,认为狐面纹饰牌,本于夏代对尾宿星座的观察与交会男女;熊面纹饰牌,源于黄帝、鲧、禹对北斗星座的星占;鳞体兽面纹饰牌,是龙兽合体纹饰。