湖北出土楚简(五种)格式初析

日前,国家社科基金重大项目湖北出土未刊布楚简(五种)集成研究课题组,对纳入课题的湖北江陵藤店、江陵红光砖瓦厂、荆门严仓、老河口安岗和江夏丁家咀等五种共七批楚简进行了常规与红外照片的拍摄。拍摄期间,课题组尽可能对竹简形制及与形制有关的方面进行观察、测量和记录。本文分修治、编联、缮写、刮削与补字等四点谈了我们在这方面的初步印象。     

Roman landscape and agriculture on the Ligurian coast through macro and microremains from a Vada Sabatia well (Vado Ligure,Italy)

Abstract

The results of an analysis on plant remains (fruit, seeds, pollen and wood) found in sediments in a Roman well in Vada Sabatia (Vado Ligure, Liguria, Italy), dated between the first and fourth centuries AD are presented. The remains are well preserved and constitute an exceptional record of the Ligurian area. Five layers have been recognised: three corresponding to the well when in use and two to the well when it was no longer in use. The vegetational cover of the area has been found to be similar to that observed in the coastal plain near Albingaunum (Albenga) pertaining to the same period. Moreover, the two superficial layers have cumulated a large amount of macroremains related to the period in which the well was no longer in use. The principal tree and vegetable crops and cereals of the coastal plain were present, due to the influence of maritime and mercantile trade, as were the prevailing ruderal and weed species and the tree cover. The presence of carpological remains of Castanea sativa, Secale cereale, Beta vulgaris and Cucumis sativus is reported for the first time in the Roman Age in Liguria. The influence of the arrival of the Romans can be seen from new crops, such as Prunus persica, and the introduction of exotic fruit like Phoenix dactylifera and Ziziphus jujuba. Several wooden artefacts, for example, a rack for drying lucerne and a tool handle, made of Cornus or Viburnum and Viburnum cf. lantana respectively, have been found. The well has proved to be an ideal location for the preservation of plant remains compared with other studied archaeological situations in Liguria and in Southern France, as it presents a higher variety of cultivated fruits, vegetables and cereals.     

关于武则天金简的几个问题

１９８２年５月,河南省登封县唐庄乡农民屈西怀在嵩山峻极峰北侧牧羊,于大石缝中捡得一件金器。器呈片状长方形,类笏板,长３６．３厘米,宽８．２厘米,厚约０．１厘米,纯金质,重２４７克。正面镌刻铭文,自右至左坚三行６３字,每字直径约１厘米,双钩楷体,文日：“上言：‘大周　主武■,好乐真道,长生神仙,谨诣中岳嵩高山门,投金简一通,乞三官九府,除武■罪名。’太岁庚子七■甲申朔七■甲寅,小使■胡超稽首再拜谨奏。”此物一经发现,即引起轰动。后经专家鉴定,确属唐代武则天遗物,并命名为武则天金简,被定为国家一级珍…     

中国书籍发展史上光辉灿烂的一篇——谈竹木简牍对后世文化的影响

本文从我国书籍发展史的角度,论述了竹木简牍对我国汉字的发展、词汇的产生、书写形式及书籍制度的形成、古代文化遗产的保存等方面所产生的巨大的、不可估量的影响。     

《张家山汉墓竹简·二年律令》中诸律的制作年代试探

对《二年律令》中《户律》、《赐律》、《秩律》、《置后律》及《收律》等的制作年代进行考证,证明《二年律令》中的诸律并非制作于同一时期,从而为正确运用《二年律令》提供了可供参考之处。     

温度和湿度对乙二醛聚合物加固饱水梓木文物性能和微观结构的影响

乙二醛聚合物加固饱水梓木文物在自然环境或者博物馆存放时,受环境因素如温度和湿度的影响会导致文物发生劣化。本研究采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)等方法研究了乙二醛聚合物脱水加固饱水梓木试样在不同温度和湿度环境中性能与微观结构变化。结果显示,饱水梓木文物材料经乙二醛聚合物脱水加固后,乙二醛聚合物与梓木细胞壁结合紧密,部分填充于梓木细胞内加固梓木细胞壁。试样在25℃和50%RH环境中试验30 d其结构和性能无明显变化。在60℃和50%RH环境中试验30 d,试样内部的乙二醛聚合物逐渐均匀附着于细胞壁且表面平滑,试样横截面断口平整;但试样表面的乙二醛聚合物逐渐消失,暴露出木材本体。在25℃和95%RH环境中乙二醛聚合物吸湿性明显增强,其与水的结合能力高于梓木细胞壁,乙二醛聚合物与细胞壁之间的结合被破坏,失去加固效果,但仍填充于细胞中。最后分析了温湿度对乙二醛聚合物加固饱水梓木性能与结构的影响机制,并提出了试样在吸湿和脱水过程中乙二醛聚合物与梓木细胞壁的结构变化模型。     

胡家草场汉简与尹湾汉简数术文献中的“刑德行时”

荆州胡家草场12号汉墓出土竹简《五行日书》按端、令、罚、刑、德五时占测为事、初病、生子诸事项的吉凶。这篇文献与尹湾汉墓出土的《刑德行时》大体属于同一文献的不同版本,两相比照,有助于加深对其文本源流、内涵的理解和认识。     

张家山汉简《二年律令》新编（二则）

胡家草场M12汉简律典的年代晚于张家山M247汉简《二年律令》,内容上相似,但在竹简容字等方面存在差别。本文借助胡家草场汉律,对《二年律令·盗律》《传食律》有关律文的编联进行调整,对于正确认识和理解《二年律令》具有重要意义。     

Ecological Contingency Accounts for Earliest Seagoing in the Western Pacific Ocean

Seagoing at 1 mya to Flores, and sea gaps of >50 km crossed by 47 kya to Sahul, are evidence of earlier maritime migration in the western Pacific than anywhere else. Current opinion attributes the latter to the influence of anatomically modern human cultural complexity on seagoing technology and practice, together with the impetus of serial resource depression. It is argued here that seagoing was unusually advantaged in the western Pacific by a fortuitous conjunction of the warmest seas with a ready availability of large-diameter bamboo that occurred as natural rafts, and which could also be constructed into rafts large enough to transport viable colonizing groups from island to island across Wallacea to Sahul. The geography of Wallacea allowed migration solely by drifting, and exploratory landscape learning might have produced landfalls on Sahul sooner than is implied by subsistence forcing of mobility. Seagoing by drifting raft was much harder from Sahul to the east because of the virtual absence of large-diameter bamboo and longer distance to fewer or small islands; colonization occurred much later.     

Phenol Formaldehyde Revisited—Novolac Resins for the Treatment of Degraded Archaeological Wood

Archaeological wood is usually severely degraded. The Norwegian Viking Age Oseberg find exemplifies problems arising due to past conservation treatments and the need for new types of preservatives. Phenol formaldehyde (PF) has been investigated as a consolidant for alum‐treated wood. X‐ray tomography has revealed that it is possible to obtain a porous structure inside the wood, ensuring ethical acceptability by allowing re‐treatment. In order to understand the curing mechanics, the kinetics of the initial condensation reaction were elucidated at room temperature. It was found that a second‐order reaction using both phenol and formaldehyde concentrations is the most probable mechanism.