浅谈苏轼诗序

苏轼是宋诗大家,苏轼诗序同样也具有丰富的文学及文化价值。本文主要从三个方面对苏轼诗序进行探讨:其一是诗序中的互见手法和诗序之美,二是诗序中写人记事所带有的史笔和小说笔法,三是苏轼诗序的思想内涵。     

Loyalist Tattoos and Tattooed Generals in the Song Dynasty

According to Yue Fei’s biography, when the legendary general was slandered and interrogated for treason, he tore the shirt off his body, exposing four characters tattooed on his back: “Exhaust one’s loyalty in service of the state.” This study looks at two components of the Yue Fei story—patriotic tattoos, and tattooed generals—and examines their meaning in the broader stretch of Song dynasty history. Yue Fei was not the Song dynasty’s only tattooed general who came to a tragic end. The Northern Song’s Di Qing was a tattooed soldier whose military merit allowed him to rise to the highest levels of power in the empire. Di Qing’s story makes it clear that tattooed generals were objects of suspicion and ridicule at court due to their military tattoos, a trait that linked them to the criminals and lower class men that manned the Song armies. Though military tattoos sometimes had a loyalist ring to them, they were carried out on a mass scale, and were a characteristic of coercion rather than fervent loyalism. This study shows that underneath the nationalist historical narrative of the Song dynasty, of which Yue Fei is a famous example, there lies a different story of social conflict within the Song state. Rather than a story of Chinese fighting non-Chinese and of traitorous and cowardly officials struggling with loyal patriots, this study offers a narrative of a social conflict between high-born clear-skinned officials and low-born tattooed military men.     

Establishing collagen quality criteria for sulphur isotope analysis of archaeological bone collagen

Sulphur isotope measurements of bone collagen from archaeological sites are beginning to be applied more often, yet there are no clear criteria to assess the quality of the collagen and therefore the validity of the sulphur isotope values. We provide elemental data from different methods (DNA sequences, amino acid sequences and mass spectrometric measurements) which are used to establish a reliable system of quality criteria for sulphur isotope analyses of bone collagen. The difference in the amount of sulphur from fish and mammalian collagen type I led to the suggestion to use different criteria to assess the in vivo character of the collagen between these two categories. For establishing quality ranges, the bone collagen of 140 modern animals were analysed. The amount of sulphur in fish and mammalian bone collagen is 0.63 ± 0.08% and 0.28 ± 0.07%, respectively. Based on these results we define for mammalian bone collagen an atomic C:S ratio of 600 ± 300 and an atomic N:S ratio of 200 ± 100, and for fish bone an atomic C:S ratio of 175 ± 50 and an atomic N:S ratio of 60 ± 20. These quality criteria were then applied to 305 specimens from different archaeological contexts.     

Slanted Newspaper Coverage of Immigration: The Importance of Economics and Geography

When compared to studies of media effects, relatively few studies of the media focus on factors that influence the behavior of media organizations. Specifically, there are few empirical studies of the attributes and incentives of news organizations that might lead to slanted coverage of particular policy issues. In this study, we identify factors that lead to negatively slanted coverage of a specific policy issue: immigration. Using content analysis, geographic information systems (GIS) data, and contextual data, we find that newspaper ownership and proximity to the U.S.–Mexico border are related to slant in news articles and opinion pieces regarding immigration.     

试论清代科举考试在贵州的变通与变革

清代科举考试,在贵州推行中出现了一些与民族地区发展实际相适应之变通与变革。从变通方面来看,这是务实官员努力之结果。它不仅使贵州士人有更多的机会和条件参与全国性的考试竞争,而且促进了贵州人才流动,扩大了这种制度文化在贵州的影响力。在内忧外患的情况下,有识之士在贵州走上了变革科举考试的道路,使贵州考试步入了近代化的轨迹。     

文物保护中的“水害”问题

水是地球上分布最广泛的物质,几乎占去了地球表面的四分之三,地面上的任何物体始终遭受空气和水分的物理及化学作用。本阐述了各种状态下的水以及水在相态转变时对不同物材料的损害作用,以引起物保护工作对这一问题的重视。对于馆藏物,应控制环境湿度;对于室外物应依据环境和材料特征,查明水的来源,寻求防治对策。并且结合实例讨论了物保护中根据具体情况防止不同形态的水对物材料老化作用的一些措施,以供借鉴使用。     

一本不该被忽视的史著——《马阁老洗冤录》

近人姚大荣所著《马阁老洗冤录》一书,旨在为马士英翻案。囿于成见,学界长期以来忽视其存在,乃至视而不见。笔者仔细研读全书,认为此书亦不乏值得今人学习和借鉴之处。但是它最大的不足就是臆断过多。本文主要介绍该书的内容,讨论其史学价值,以期引起有关治史者的相应注意;同时对书中的一些重要观点予以评析,希望能借此对马士英这一历史人物做出更全面更客观的认识和评价,并推进相关的研究。     

Early Neolithic diets at Baijia,Wei River valley,China: stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of human and faunal remains

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values are presented for faunal and human bone collagen from Baijia, in the Wei River valley region of Shaanxi Province, China. The remains have a calibrated age range of ca. 5709–5389 BC, and correspond with the early Neolithic Laoguantai Period. Stable isotopic results indicate that human diets included millet and probably aquatic foods such as fish and shellfish. Bovid samples are tentatively identified as water buffalo, and have a mean δ¹³C value of −14.6‰, which reflects some millet consumption. Whether bovids were grazing on wild millet, or had diets directly influenced by humans, is not known. The single Sus sample from Baijia had a diet dominated by C3 plants and is thus unlikely to have been a domesticated animal. Overall, the stable isotope results presented here conform to the current concept that the people of the Laoguantai culture were millet farmers, who had subsistence strategies that included hunted wild foods.     

山西忻州九原岗北朝墓葬壁画颜料及颜色变化分析

出土彩绘文物在环境突发剧烈变化的情况下常有变色或褪色现象,影响文物的安全及其艺术展示。为了解山西忻州九原岗北朝墓葬壁画发掘出土后色彩的变化规律,跟踪监测了该墓葬壁画红色、黄色、蓝色和黑色绘画区域的色度及相应的表面水含量,同时对颜料进行拉曼光谱分析。研究结果表明:该墓葬壁画所用颜料红色为HgS,黄色为FeO·OH,蓝色为(Na,Ca)_(7-8)(Al,Si)_(12)(O,S)_(24)[SO_4,Cl_2(OH)_2],黑色为C;壁画出土后轻微的褪色现象主要与环境湿度有密切关系。新出土壁画表面湿度较高,颜色鲜艳。随着画面干燥,壁画表面含水量的降低导致颜色饱和度降低,壁画色彩变浅。盐结晶的析出以及颜料颗粒脱落导致画面色彩饱和度降低,也可能导致壁画色彩变浅。     

Experiencing nature and children’s conceptualizations of the natural world

This paper examines young children’s concepts of nature, paying attention to the role played by types of daily experiences with nature on 832 children’s constructions of the natural world. We observed the roles of three types of experiences, as determined by the children’s place of residence (urban, rural mountain range, and rural agricultural) in Spain. Participants wrote what they thought about when hearing the word ‘nature’. Content analysis revealed a conceptual structure formed with four underlying and interconnected themes: (1) natural and non-natural elements, (2) the human–nature relationship, (3) emotional experience of nature, and (4) actions in natural settings. The type of daily experiences with nature (i.e. urban, rural mountain range, and rural agricultural) accounted for variability in children’s concept of nature. These results reinforce the importance of considering the role played by personal and situational characteristics in shaping children’s constructions of the natural world.