浅谈苏轼诗序

苏轼是宋诗大家,苏轼诗序同样也具有丰富的文学及文化价值。本文主要从三个方面对苏轼诗序进行探讨:其一是诗序中的互见手法和诗序之美,二是诗序中写人记事所带有的史笔和小说笔法,三是苏轼诗序的思想内涵。     

田螺山遗址古菱角埋藏环境调查与保护对策的初步研究

本文运用多种化学分析方法分析了浙江省田螺山遗址的地层土壤和地下水环境,得出了不同地层中主要元素的分布规律：再对古菱角外壳遗存和现代菱角外壳进行扫描电镜和元素分析,总结古菱角经长期埋藏后,外壳结构和化学元素的变化规律：最后初步探索古菱角类植物遗存的科技保护时策。     

第136届芥川奖获奖作品解读

据2007年3月的《文艺春秋》披露,第136届芥川奖的获奖作品为青山七惠的《一个人的晴天》。该作品细腻地描写了一个初入社会的少女的内心世界,具有一定的代表性和普遍性。近几年获奖的畅销小说,不仅描写女性的居多,年轻的女作者也涌现了不少。迄今,芥川奖已经走过了71个春秋,一直被视为日本文学奖的“龙门”,激励了众多的文坛新秀。     

全球海洋知识枢纽研究——以上海市为例

21世纪被联合国称为"海洋世纪",海洋已成为国际竞争的主要领域。随着实体物流的增加,货流对城市所带来的交通拥堵、环境污染等负面影响也日益显现。因此在上海大力建设国际航运中心过程中,要由以工业经济为基础的实体枢纽港建设向以知识经济为基础的虚体海洋知识枢纽转变。归纳了全球海洋知识枢纽的内涵、特征和服务范围,以伦敦、挪威、新加坡为三种类型,总结了发达国家建设海洋知识枢纽的经验和原则,提出上海建设全球海洋知识枢纽的战略选择,认为要以建设全球海洋知识枢纽为切入点,一方面要发展航运金融、海上保险等高端航运服务业,另一方面也可以利用雄厚的制造业基础和技术创新能力,大力发展海洋研发,鼓励船舶技术转让、技术开发和与之相关的船舶技术咨询、技术服务等。     

Early Neolithic diets at Baijia,Wei River valley,China: stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of human and faunal remains

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values are presented for faunal and human bone collagen from Baijia, in the Wei River valley region of Shaanxi Province, China. The remains have a calibrated age range of ca. 5709–5389 BC, and correspond with the early Neolithic Laoguantai Period. Stable isotopic results indicate that human diets included millet and probably aquatic foods such as fish and shellfish. Bovid samples are tentatively identified as water buffalo, and have a mean δ¹³C value of −14.6‰, which reflects some millet consumption. Whether bovids were grazing on wild millet, or had diets directly influenced by humans, is not known. The single Sus sample from Baijia had a diet dominated by C3 plants and is thus unlikely to have been a domesticated animal. Overall, the stable isotope results presented here conform to the current concept that the people of the Laoguantai culture were millet farmers, who had subsistence strategies that included hunted wild foods.     

Prehispanic water pressure: A New World first

Ancient cultures have a wide range of water control management techniques, each associated with a particular purpose, including water for consumption, agriculture, flood control, drought relief, and rituals (Scarborough, 2003). One technique that has received limited archaeological attention is the purposeful creation of water pressure to perform useful work. Perhaps the earliest such example was found on the island of Crete in a Minoan palace and dates as early as 1400 BC. Terracotta pipe segments with graded diameter reductions were used to create fountains (Evans, 1921–1935). Although gravity and the weight of water are the most efficient means of generating water pressure in a closed conduit, natural conditions (climate, geology, topographic slope, etc.) that might lead to the construction of water pressure systems are less clear. Here we show that the Classic Maya (AD 250–600) constructed a water pressure system with the potential to control the flow of water within an urban area. By burying a conduit along a steep ephemeral channel passing through a residential group, upland springs could be diverted to build pressure in the conduit to provide a dry-season supply of water. Up to 6 m of hydraulic head could have been recovered to lift water from the pressurized conduit to a point of use. Water pressure systems were previously thought to have entered the New World with the arrival of the Spanish. Yet, archaeological data, seasonal climate conditions, geomorphic setting, and simple hydraulic theory clearly show that the Maya of Palenque in Chiapas, Mexico had empirical knowledge of closed channel water pressure predating the arrival of Europeans.     

Re-evaluating the history of the wheat domestication gene NAM-B1 using historical plant material

The development of agriculture is closely associated with the domestication of wheat, one of the earliest crop species. During domestication key genes underlying traits important to Neolithic agriculture were targeted by selection. One gene believed to be such a domestication gene is NAM-B1, affecting both nutritional quality and yield but with opposite effects. A null mutation, first arisen in emmer wheat, decreases the nutritional quality but delays maturity and increases grain size; previously the ancestral allele was believed lost during the domestication of durum and bread wheat by indirect selection for larger grain. By genotyping 63 historical seed samples originating from the 1862 International Exhibition in London, we found that the ancestral allele was present in two spelt wheat and two bread wheat cultivars widely cultivated at the time. This suggests that fixation of the mutated allele of NAM-B1 in bread wheat, if at all, occurred during modern crop improvement rather than during domestication. We also discuss the value of using archaeological and historical plant material to further the understanding of the development of agriculture.     

俄藏黑水城西夏水月观音头冠考

俄藏黑水城西夏水月观音所戴头冠为化佛冠,形制有三角形冠和通天冠两种,火焰宝珠、步摇成为水月观音头冠的主要配饰。三角形化佛冠受早期印度佛教和中亚佛教艺术的影响,结合中原佛教、藏传佛教在西夏时期成为水月观音头冠流行样式。由于社会环境影响,西夏观音信仰盛行,佛教进一步走向现实化、世俗化,因此,水月观音菩萨头冠更接近于现实生活,表现华丽。     

南水北调工程文物保护规划的编制与实施及其主要收获

南水北调工程是我国继长江三峡水利枢纽工程之后,又一项大型水利工程.它是一项合理配置大江大河水资源,缓解北方地区水资源严重短缺的惠民工程,是一项宏伟的战略性工程.南水北调工程中的文物保护工作是工程的重要组成部分,2002年初文物保护工作开始启动.经历了勘察规划阶段和实施阶段取得了重要收获.     

Establishing collagen quality criteria for sulphur isotope analysis of archaeological bone collagen

Sulphur isotope measurements of bone collagen from archaeological sites are beginning to be applied more often, yet there are no clear criteria to assess the quality of the collagen and therefore the validity of the sulphur isotope values. We provide elemental data from different methods (DNA sequences, amino acid sequences and mass spectrometric measurements) which are used to establish a reliable system of quality criteria for sulphur isotope analyses of bone collagen. The difference in the amount of sulphur from fish and mammalian collagen type I led to the suggestion to use different criteria to assess the in vivo character of the collagen between these two categories. For establishing quality ranges, the bone collagen of 140 modern animals were analysed. The amount of sulphur in fish and mammalian bone collagen is 0.63 ± 0.08% and 0.28 ± 0.07%, respectively. Based on these results we define for mammalian bone collagen an atomic C:S ratio of 600 ± 300 and an atomic N:S ratio of 200 ± 100, and for fish bone an atomic C:S ratio of 175 ± 50 and an atomic N:S ratio of 60 ± 20. These quality criteria were then applied to 305 specimens from different archaeological contexts.