商代“宗工”考

甲骨卜辞中宗工两见:1.…戌卜,[贞],众宗工(图一)。2.庚…[卜],贞,[众]宗工(图二)。宗工在《尚书》中也是两见,均出现在《酒诰》:3.越在外服,侯、甸、男、卫、邦、伯;越在内服,百僚庶尹,惟亚惟服宗工,越百姓里居,罔敢湎于酒。4.汝劼毖殷献臣、侯、甸、男、卫虼笫     

西汉初年汉郡区城市等级及空间分布特征探析——张家山汉简研究

区域城市等级及其空间分布特征是城市历史地理学研究的核心内容。《张家山汉墓竹简》记载了西汉初年帝国直接统治区(即汉郡区)内四种不同类型城市的名数及其最高管理者的秩等,为城市等级划分提供了依据。综合历史文献及区域环境因素,探讨西汉初年汉郡区城市地理问题。得出不同类型城市等级不同,以及城市等级越高越密集于区域核心的空间分布特征。     

出土、出水饱水木质文物冷冻干燥研究进展

冷冻干燥是稳定出土、出水饱水木质文物的主要方法之一。该方法基于水由固态直接成为气态的升华过程不产生表面张力的原理,可避免饱水木材脱水时受到干燥应力的破坏。数十年来,经过实验实践和不断完善,冷冻干燥在出土、出水降解木材的稳定中取得了很好的效果,在大型、厚重木质文物的保护方面得到成功应用。本研究基于在出土、出水含盐饱水木质文物保护方面的多年实践,对国内外在脱盐、抗菌、热浸、预冻和升华干燥工艺等方面的进展进行了回顾,并提出了解决一些现有问题的技术设想。     

Selective reburial: a potential approach for the in situ preservation of waterlogged archaeological wood in wetland excavations

Excavations at Dispilio, a prehistoric lakeside settlement in northern Greece, have revealed a significant number of vertical wooden piles that need to be protected during and after excavation. Lifting of the piles is not possible and approaches such as reburial, cannot currently be implemented as excavation is still in progress. In 2005, several posts were “selectively buried” on an experimental basis, by encasing them in PVC pipes and backfilling with the surrounding sediment. This approach appeared to be capable of protecting the piles during excavation and be a potential solution for their post-excavation preservation. This preliminary study sets out to asses if this alternative approach to reburial could be an effective in situ preservation method.     

居住空间的意象蕴含——《傲慢与偏见》和《简·爱》的相关语境

本文对《傲慢与偏见》和《简·爱》中的居住空间描写进行分析,通过两部作品在这方面的同异,来考察二者在以居住空间为代表的环境描写方面如何作用于对人物性格的塑造以及对作品情节发展所起到的暗示性作用,从而理解两位作家在创作上的高超手法。     

Investigating the processes necessary for satisfactory freeze-drying of waterlogged archaeological wood

Preliminary studies into methods for improving and safeguarding the preservation of waterlogged archaeological wooden artefacts are presented. Mannitol, sorbitol and trehalose have been tested as replacements for polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a treatment prior to freeze-drying of wooden archaeological objects. The highest anti-shrink efficiency achieved in this short experiment was (70 ± 15) % using a 20% weight per volume solution of sorbitol after soaking for one week. The collapse or eutectic temperature of each solution used was determined using a freeze-drying microscope. Importantly, it was noted that the collapse temperature of the solutions was reduced by several degrees after use for treatment of the wood samples for one month. A freeze-drying microscope with a cold light source has been used to observe the real-time freeze-drying behaviour of various treatments inside a thin section of wood, confirming that this novel technique is indeed possible and useful. Lastly, the effects of magnesium phytate as an iron chelator have been studied. It was found that the treatment lowers the collapse temperature of a PEG 600/2000 solution by roughly 3 °C meaning that objects must be freeze-dried at a correspondingly lower temperature. Iron K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy analysis showed that the treatment extracted approximately half of the iron(III) ions present in the timbers.     

硅胶在出土浸饱水漆木器脱水定型中的应用与研究

为解决出土浸饱水漆木器的脱水定型,采用硅胶法将出土浸饱水的漆耳杯和漆盒表面用75%的酒精棉球擦净,经软X射线对胎质进行无损检测后,用电火花打孔,然后放入干燥器皿内的托盘上,同时放入称量的变色球形硅胶,反复更换硅胶量,每次更换25g,每810天更换一次。待硅胶不再变色,器物不再减重,脱水定型完成。结果表明,各件器物平均脱水量为121g。其中,漆耳杯平均脱水率为140%,漆盒盖为120%。说明此法效果良好,值得进一步完善,加以推广。     

古代彩塑和壁画中植物纤维种类鉴别

针对古代彩塑泥层和壁画地仗中植物纤维种类鉴定技术欠缺的现状,开发出一套以纤维横截面细胞形貌识别为基础的植物纤维种类鉴别方法。从秸秆类植物的化学脱胶技术、提取单根纤维、纤维横截面切片,以及纤维截面细胞形貌对比等开展了系列研究。将该方法应用于彩塑泥层和壁画地仗中常见的9种植物纤维：麦秸秆、稻秸秆、玉米秸秆、高粱秸、黄麻、亚麻、苎麻、剑麻和棉花,并以宁夏须弥山石窟以及甘肃麦积山石窟的彩塑文物样品中取出的纤维标本为例进行了鉴定。结果表明：须弥山石窟彩塑粗泥层中的植物纤维为小麦与黄麻,细泥层中的为苎麻,彩塑佛像手指中的为棉花;麦积山彩塑泥层中含有麦秸秆。研究结果证明本方法可以应用于文物样品中植物纤维种类鉴别。     

出土饱水竹简失水干缩的复形研究——以海昏侯墓葬出土竹简等为例

失水干缩竹简不仅改变了竹简的形貌,而且字迹无法辨认,不能进行考古释文,极大地影响了其承载的历史价值和研究价值。通过海昏侯墓葬等出土竹简等残片的干缩复形研究实验,对复形前后外形尺寸、化学组分、微观结构等方面进行比较。结果表明:经生物碱和表面活性剂等材料浸润后的干缩竹简残片,外形尺寸可恢复到干缩前的98%以上,竹简残片内部干缩变小的空隙结构得到恢复,化学组分无明显变化。运用该技术对干缩竹简进行复形处理,复形后的竹简基本恢复到饱水时的状态,而且对字迹无损伤。     

Digging up Unearthed down-under: a hybrid geography of a musical space that essentialises gender and place

Hybrid geographies are well developed in studies of human–nature relations and environmental humanities, but less so in geographies of music and gender. In this article, we use hybrid geographies to frame our critical engagement with Australia's triple j's Unearthed, a publically funded website and radio station that presents new music. Hybrid approaches enable us to understand gendered power relations in music by deconstructing the ways power differences are built on cultural, social, spatial and technological relations. Engaging netnographic and mixed-method approaches we critique Unearthed as a democratic music cyberspace. We identify the limited constructions of gender and geographic location, some of which are unique to this online presence, while others are shared with broader musical spaces. We argue that the interactions between technology, artists, fans and the online spaces, as mediated by Unearthed, situate emerging artists in relation to gender, geography and genre, and thus constrain possibilities for a more democratic musical space. Unearthed manifests as a musical space where rurality is exoticised while urban origins are diminished, and hegemonic masculinities remain dominant. We suggest that the potential of Unearthed can be realised if gender and geographic hegemonies are recognised and otherness is de-essentialised.