Climate change, uncertainty and prehistoric hunter–gatherer mobility

The onset of Little Ice Age conditions in California’s Sierra Nevada mountains resulted in increased temporal and spatial variability, and hence uncertainty regarding the distribution and production of resources targeted by its inhabitants, the Western Mono. The Mono responded with a risk-averse strategy composed of lowland winter population aggregation supported by logistical forays and seasonal residential dispersals to the high country, both ways of averaging variance in environmental productivity. These patterns were reconstructed using surface archaeology, GIS, and two straightforward spatial statistics, nearest-neighbor and variance-to-mean ratios, that combined provide a robust, objective picture of population aggregation and dispersal and the scale of these phenomena in different environments and seasons. These diverse strategies conform to expectations regarding the best ways for hunter–gatherers to cope with uncertainty, particularly in mountain environments. Despite this, the residentially mobile aspect of the pattern is rare in mountains and probably the result of historical connections between the Mono and Great Basin groups employing similar behaviors. Ultimately, this research suggests that climate change and environmental variability condition risk-averse, satisficing economic behaviors focused more on security than optimization, implying that pronounced environmental variability runs counter to economic intensification and its association with the evolution of more complex societies.     

也谈我国经济社会发展观的历史演化路径——兼与赵凌云、张连辉和汪青松先生商榷

在我国学术界,关于新中国成立以来的发展观演变,有"三阶段"说,也有"四阶段"说。如《当代中国史研究》2005年第1期发表的赵凌云、张连辉的《新中国成立以来发展观与发展模式的历史互动》(以下简称"赵张文")一文就持"三阶段"说。他们把新中国成立以来发展观的演变划分为三个时期:1949～1978年间形成和发生作用的发展观为第一代发展观,其特征被概括为经济增长导向型;改革开放以后直至1994年这一阶段为第二代发展观的     

新中国历史科学的盛举--论中国史学会主编<中国近代史资料丛刊>的重大成就

20世纪 5 0年代 ,经过中国史学会精心组织 ,由一批第一流学者分别担任主编 ,1 0年之中编辑出版了《中国近代史资料丛刊》 1 0种 ,62册 ,共计 3 0 0 0余万字。它是在马克思主义观点指导下对近代史资料的一次大规模的科学整理 ,为近代史研究提供了最基本和最有价值的史料 ,成就巨大 ,影响深远 ,因而堪称是新中国历史科学的盛举。     

建国五十年来我国西夏文献整理研究简述

本对近50年来我国西夏献整理研究,取得的成就进行了概述。内容涉及俄藏黑水城献、国内存世出土的西夏物献、汉西夏献的整理研究及综述研究等几方面。     

日本泉屋博古馆所见先秦私文书——西周青铜私文书的鼎盛

在日本泉屋博古馆展藏的中国青铜器中,西周青铜私文书的数量和字数超过了商和春秋战国,不仅如此,中国考古出土的青铜铭文器字数和数量,迄今为止,也是以西周居多。西周铸造技术的提高和普及、奴隶制度的高度完善、家庭成员思想观念的转变及留传意识的增强等,是西周青铜私文书的数量、字数以及记事的范围和内容增多的主要原因。西周是青铜私文书发展的鼎盛时期。     

唐代长安、洛阳作为都城和陪都的气候原因

本文从气候角度探讨唐代以长安为都城、以洛阳为陪都的缘由。唐代由于气候温暖湿润,降水量增大,水灾增多。洛阳因为经度地带性作用、降雨季节分配不均及洛阳河流的特殊情况。使得水灾情况比长安更严重：一是降水量大、水灾次数多,二是水势大、灾情重。尽管唐政府注意治水修堤坝,但中桥被冲毁、雨水断路乃至宫城被淹之事仍屡屡发生。长安虽然旱灾较洛阳严重,但水灾对都城的危害更直接、更严重,灭顶之灾的威胁使洛阳不宜作都城,所以建都长安。     

Hunting lesions caused by osseous projectile points: experimental results and archaeological implications

The identification of projectile impact traces on archaeological faunal remains is an important issue for understanding prehistoric hunting behavior, especially in the Paleolithic and Mesolithic. From the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe, and earlier in Africa, projectiles tipped with osseous points were of great importance for subsistence; but thus far, no specific experimental reference has been developed to help identify the traces left by these points. In 2003 and 2004 two series of projectile experiments with antler points of Magdalenian design were organized, involving two ox calves and two female fallow deer as targets for bow and spearthrower shooting. The subsequent study demonstrates that positive identifications of impact traces left by osseous points can be made. The observation of 127 impact traces allowed us to distinguish three main types of traces: notches, punctures and perforations. The relationships between the nature of the impact traces and the (i) target species, (ii) characteristics of the impacted bones, and (iii) type of weapon are presented. Synthesized results are then discussed within the context of the European Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic.     

河南卫辉市大司马村一号汉墓及墓前建筑

大司马墓地位于河南省卫辉市唐庄镇大司马村北面,在太行山余脉谷驼岭以南,为西北高东南低的丘陵地带(图一)。墓地中心的地理坐标为东经113'59'34、北纬35'     

《中日和平友好条约》的签订

《中日和平友好条约》的签订经历了曲折的过程。中日双方于1974年11月开始缔约的预备谈判,后因日本政局变动使国内政治力量重组,自民党亲台势力掌控党政大权,在反霸问题上态度变化,导致谈判受阻;与此同时,中国也因文化大革命在缔约问题上回旋余地有限,致使缔约谈判一度中断。20世纪70年代末,日本国内政治环境和国际形势的变化为恢复中日谈判创造了有利条件,在邓小平的推动下,中日于1978年5月恢复了谈判,并于8月正式签署了《中日和平友好条约》,条约的签署对中日来说都具有重大意义。     

On Meng Sen’s teaching and lecture notes of Ming and Qing history at Peking University during the 1930s

ABSTRACT

While teaching the histories of the Ming and Qing dynasties, Meng Sen (1869–1937), developed three textbooks in the 1930s: Lecture Notes on the Ming History (明史讲义 Mingshi jiangyi), Lecture Notes on the Qing History (清史讲义 Qingshi jiangyi), and Lecture Notes on the History of the Founding of the Manchu State (满洲开国史讲义 Manzhou kaiguo shi jiangyi). In these book titles, the term “history” refers specifically to “standard history.” In tracing Meng Sen’s original intention in producing these textbooks, all three works suggest the author’s desire to write history. He wrote Lecture Notes on the Ming History to prepare a future revision of the History of the Ming (明史 Mingshi); similarly he wrote Lecture Notes on the Qing History and Lecture Notes on the History of the Founding of the Manchu State with the intention to revise the Draft History of the Qing (清史稿 Qingshi gao). Meng Sen summarized Sima Guang’s (司马光, 1019–86) view of history as “imitating the good and avoiding the bad,” which he believed represented the “essential meaning of history.” Meng followed Sima Guang’s model in compiling the Lecture Notes on the Ming History and Lecture Notes on the Qing History, as shown in their style and format. By comparison, his writing of the Lecture Notes on the History of the Founding of the Manchu State attempted to merge the traditional annals–biographic style with narrative history from the West, or to pour old wine into a new bottle. Meng Sen presented his innovative efforts at Peking University, introducing young scholars to standards for history writing, and doing his utmost to guide and encourage his students; some of whom became noted scholars in the study of Ming and Qing histories.