Process, perception, and practice: Time perspectivism in Yosemite native demography

Multiple concepts of time apply to archaeology—from analytical time used to organize and interpret the archaeological record to the time of lived experience of those individuals responsible for creation of the archaeological record. This paper demonstrates how these disparate concepts of time can be reconciled through a perception-based approach to time perspectivism, which invokes multiple analytical scales working from the minimum scale of the average human lifespan. This approach is demonstrated through a case study of hunter–gatherer demographic change in Yosemite Valley in the central Sierra Nevada of California.     

Divining the siege of Mugombane

This paper tracks between oral histories, historical documents, early ethnographies and the testimony of a modern traditional healer in order to understand and interpret archaeological evidence for divination and ritual activity practiced during a siege event that took place over 150 years ago. This spiritual dimension, taken together with physical evidence for the death and defeat of the Kekana, when interpreted against the nineteenth century socio-economic landscape, proffers an explanation for the apparent silence in the Kekana oral record about the siege. Contrary to prevailing interpretations of this silence, this paper considers the social and spiritual obligations of the chief towards his subjects and argues that the impact of the siege was so profound that it rendered the chief of the besieged, Mugombane, socially and spiritually bankrupt. This situation would have provoked the removal of the chief and the manufacture of a suitable history to give the new chief legitimacy and the chiefdom continuity.     

旅游对传统地域文化景观影响的研究进展及展望

传统地域文化景观是传承地域文化的物质载体,是人类宝贵的文化遗产和景观财富。作为新兴的重要发展力量,旅游正在不可逆转地改变着传统地域文化景观的演变进程。本文从物质文化景观、非物质文化景观、文化景观地方意义等方面综述了旅游对传统地域文化景观影响的研究成果,对现有研究进行了述评。最后从亟须解决的关键科学问题、研究内容两个方面进行了未来研究展望。     

中国明代木质古建西安鼓楼彩绘的分析研究

鉴于有关中国木质古建彩绘材料及技术的研究报道较少,本工作通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜能谱(SEMEDX)、X射线衍射及气相色谱质谱(GC/MS)分析方法,对建于公元1380年的中国西安明代鼓楼木建表面彩绘样品进行了科学检测研究,分析了其中的无机材料组成及彩绘所用粘合剂,并收集了所涉及到的相关历史资料。分析结果表明,木建表面彩绘的材料组成和制作技术与历史调查获得的信息完全吻合。地仗层主要由粘土、石灰、干性油(桐油)及纤维织物组成,且地仗层保持最初的原材料。颜料分析结果显示,尽管修复时所使用的粘合剂与最初建造时的粘合剂完全相同,但目前彩绘的颜料即有原来使用的材料,也有十八世纪修复时所使用的材料。     

书画修复用宣纸性能的研究

宣纸是我国传统书画装裱重要的修复用纸,近年来由于生产工艺的改变造成宣纸性能的改变。为了解不同宣纸书画装裱的适用性,对02红星棉料单宣、08红星棉料单宣、14红星棉料单宣、13汪六吉棉料单宣、红星特净和红星古艺宣六种宣纸的基本性能、尺寸稳定性、柔软度和耐久性等进行评测。分析结果表明:几种常用书画文物修复宣纸pH值符合文物保护用纸中碱性的要求;棉料单宣中以02红星尺寸稳定性、柔软度及耐久性好;采用传统工艺制作的古艺宣纸尺寸稳定性和耐久性能是所选纸样中最好的,柔软性低于棉料单宣,但比同样材料的特净皮单宣柔软度好。综合考虑修复纸的应用性能和耐久性,需要进一步开发采用传统工艺制作的古艺宣的原料种类,以满足书画文物保护修复的需要。     

基于能量方法的江浙地区抬梁式及穿斗式传统民居木构件重要性分析

为研究中国传统木构建筑的结构构件重要性排序问题,以江浙地区抬梁式和穿斗式两种典型的传统民居木结构类型为研究对象,基于能量方法采用构件属性改变后对结构整体应变能的单位体积改变率作为构件重要性的评价指标,运用有限元软件Ansys(16.0)开发了基于生死单元法和改变弹性模量法的构件重要性评价程序。分析结果表明,改变弹性模量法更适用于中国传统木构建筑的结构构件重要性分析。通过对抬梁式和穿斗式的单榀框架和整体框架在竖向荷载、水平地震荷载两种工况下的结构构件重要性的计算分析,得到了构件的重要性系数和排序,并提取出了抬梁式和穿斗式传统木构的关键构件。研究结果可以为确定传统木构建筑遗产在修缮施工、维护以及结构健康监测过程中需要重点关注的构件提供科学合理的理论依据。     

Modelling the eco-cultural niche of giant chestnut trees: new insights into land use history in southern Switzerland through distribution analysis of a living heritage

During the Middle Ages and the early modern period the cultivation of the chestnut tree became dominant in various mountain regions in Western Europe. Large numbers of giant chestnut trees have been reported throughout the continent that may be considered the living heritage of this period. In this paper we used a systematic inventory of giant chestnut trees in southern Switzerland for reconstructing the eco-cultural niche related to the long-term cultivation and conservation of such remarkable trees. To this purpose we implemented a retrospective logistic modelling approach with the presence of giant chestnuts as response variable compared with 65 environmental and cultural predictors. We performed different logistic regression analyses using untransformed and transformed variables. Out of the 42 models produced, we finally selected two models, on the basis of their parsimony and accuracy. Many of the selected predictors, such as distance from the lake, abundance of small livestock or number of secondary settlements, reveal that former local and regional socio-economic conditions and environmental constraints have considerable explanatory power. The approach allows us to detect several aspects of the targeted eco-cultural niche that may have acted in the distant past to support the development of the traditional fruit chestnut culture, as well as more recently, to preserve the giant chestnut tree population during the disruption phase of this culture. Most results are in line with the historical documentation, while others go beyond the dictates of written history and reveal interesting traits of the past economic and cultural systems.     

中国古代砖砌体力学性能研究综述

古代砖砌体建筑由于材料劣化、环境影响,材料特性及力学性能均受到不同程度的影响和损伤,为了保护历史文化的载体,结合古建筑材料获取原始且必要的数据,系统总结了古砖、传统灰浆的制备工艺和材料性能,简要归纳了古砖、传统灰浆和古砖砌体基本力学性能及其测试方法,对比分析了单砖和砌体抗压强度的差异以及古建筑砌体材料力学性能研究现状。并对今后古砌体如弹性模量等力学性能、古砌体材料及结构的损伤机理等的研究提出了展望或建议,可为砖石古建筑的修缮保护提供参考依据。     

现代性、文化与身份的认同

有位汉学家说过,中国近代以来的知识分子,理智上选择了西方价值,而在情感上却丢不掉中国的旧传统。钱穆也说自己一生都被困在中西文化的争论之中。陈寅恪说做学问“一方面要吸收输入外来之学说,一方面不忘本来民族之地位”。这话非常正确,可是可操作性有多大？我觉得正是这种观念撕裂了现代知识分子的文化认同感和身份意识。怎样跳出这种文化认同和身份意识的困惑与断裂？     

传统建筑泥灰类加固材料的性能研究与机理探讨

人们已经发现一些古建筑所使用的传统材料具有较好的加固作用,其耐久性、强度、与建筑本体的和谐、以及与环境的友好等方面都具有突出的优点。但是由于当时科学技术水平的限制,以及天然材料混合物本身的复杂性,这些传统材料的加固机理一直未被人们充分认识。为了利用和发展传统材料的优势并为古建筑和文物保护服务,本工作选择最具中国特色的以石灰等无机材料为基料,以糯米浆和蛋清等天然生物材料为配料的古代建筑灰浆配方和三合土配方,开展了一系列加固性能研究,并且结合现代SEM和XRD分析仪器,对一些典型的样品进行了微观结构和形貌分析。结果发现,这些古代配方具有现代复合材料的某些特点,即通过无机/有机相互协同的效应,达到了较好的加固效果;重要的是发现糯米浆具有一定的生物矿化的模板作用,即糯米浆的生物大分子对碳酸钙的结晶和生长起到了调控作用,使方解石结晶体的大小和形貌具有一定程度的有序性。本研究为传统材料进一步科学地应用于古建筑和石质文物的修复加固提供了新的思路。