Load Discontinuity in Step-by-step Integration

In this article, both analytical and numerical studies show that a load discontinuity will lead to an amplitude distortion in performing the step-by-step integration. It is also found that the relative amplitude error caused by load discontinuity is closely related to, but not proportional to, the value of the load discontinuity. In general, this amplitude distortion can be reduced if a very small time step is used for a whole step-by-step integration procedure. Hence, a lot of computational efforts will be involved. In order to reduce these computational efforts a remedy is proposed herein. The remedy is proposed to perform a very small single time step immediately after the load discontinuity to reduce amplitude distortion. Since only a very small time step is performed in the step-by-step integration, many computational efforts can be saved. The feasibility of this remedy is analytically proved and numerically confirmed.     

Application of Endurance Time Analysis in Seismic Evaluation of an Unreinforced Masonry Monument

In this article, seismic behavior of the main dome of a well-known middle-eastern historical- monument, “Imam Reza Shrine” (Mashhad, Iran) which is located in a high seismic area in Iran is evaluated. This study focuses on the response history analysis using intensifying dynamic excitations in the framework of Endurance Time Method. Endurance Time Analysis gives acceptable results for a wide range of earthquake intensities and considerably reduces the computational demand in comparison to the conventional Time History Analysis and Incremental Dynamic Analysis. The aim of this study is to investigate the applicability and efficiency of Endurance Time Analysis for masonry monuments and to suggest modifications and interpretations to improve compatibility of the results with Time History Analysis. In addition, to facilitate evaluation of the structural behavior, a dimensionless index, Cumulative Plastic Strain Index, is proposed as a criterion to compare structural performance in terms of the severity and the extent of damage as a function of earthquake intensity.     

A Microscale Approach for the Seismic Response of MDOF Structures Including Soil-Foundation-Structure Interaction

In this article, a three-dimensional microscale computational framework utilizing the discrete element method is presented to analyze the seismic response of soil-foundation- MDOF structure systems. The proposed approach is used to explore the response of MDOF structures on a square embedded footing founded on a dry granular deposit. Computational simulations were conducted to investigate the response of the system to several base excitations. The impact of replacing a MDOF structure with its equivalent single degree of freedom (ESDOF) structure while accounting for soil-foundation-structure interaction (SFSI) is investigated. Detrimental or beneficial effect of SFSI on the response is also examined.     

Art in time. Diachronic rates of change in the decoration of bone artefacts from the Beagle Channel region (Tierra del Fuego, Southern South America)

This paper explores the differential rates of diachronic change developed by diverse features of portable art in southern Tierra del Fuego. It is argued that decorative designs and techniques, which simultaneously constitute each decorated artefact, had asynchronic rates of change throughout the archaeological sequence. Results indicate that: (I) decorated harpoon points (1) had a broader and more complex design repertoire which entailed a higher labour investment and showed a faster rate of change than beads, due to a greater individual input in their decoration, (2) were richly decorated in spite of their high risk of loss/fracture, yet their decoration was concentrated in the early period of the archaeological sequence and then decreased in time due: a) to such loss/fracture risk, which jeopardised the labour invested in their decoration, (b) to a relative decrease in pinniped hunting which might have reduced the socio-economic and symbolic value of harpoons; (II) decorated beads (1) had a simpler and more standardised design repetoire which entailed a lower labour investment and showed a slower rate of change than harpoons, due to a stricter process of teaching/learning or imitation during their production and a collective way of ornamentation during their display, (2) increased with time and have been decorated during the three periods of the archaeological sequence due to: (a) their lower risk of loss/fracture, which did not endanger the labour invested in their decoration, (b) their social function as a shared form of ornamentation; (III) decorative techniques had a slower rate of change than decorative designs throughout the archaeological sequence due to their differential instrinsic variability potentials.     

The nature of the times deceas'd

The essay reflects on the nature of time as a cultural function, especially in the light of the ‘heritage industry’ of the 1980s. In trying to identify the nature of some changes in relationships between pasts and present in the 1990s, the author suggests the concept of ‘post‐heritage’, defines it, and glances at its applicability to 1994.     

Industrial Heritage: Valorising the Spatial–Temporal Dynamics of Another Hong Kong Story

This paper challenges current perspectives on Hong Kong heritage that are based predominantly on a dichotomous juxtaposition of traditional Chineseness vis‐à‐vis post‐colonial romanticism, and argues for a deeper appreciation of its industrial history and identity. Textured narratives are proposed that highlight the socio‐economic relationships that were/are essential components of the industrial (hi)story. Specifically, the paper identifies the time/space dimension as unique, and hence it should be valorised using context‐sensitive, carefully thought‐through and executed approaches. The paper presents an ‘other Hong Kong heritage story’ that foregrounds the compressed time–space nature of the city’s industrial history, the spatial organisation of manufacturing, and the dynamic spatial stretch that has been taken by the industrialisation process. Furthermore, a stretching of governance space for the identification, (re)presentation and conservation of heritage using a participatory approach is proposed. In the face of rapid deindustrialisation and pressure for urban renewal, prompt, well‐conceptualised and time/space‐sensitive efforts to valorise, preserve and manage this fast‐disappearing heritage in Hong Kong are vital.     

唐前期“六胡州”古城位置有待继续探索——与《六胡州古城址的发现及其环境意义》作者商榷

针对《六胡州古城址的发现及其环境意义》关于唐前期"六胡州"地区的行政建制沿革和六州治城位置定位的研究,提出了商榷及质疑。所谓"鲁、丽、含、塞、依、契六州自西向东分布"的立论基础是主观臆想。由此出发推断的"六胡州"治城位置,以及兰池都督府城的地望,并不可信。《六胡州》作者在行文时出现诸如先入为主的臆断、时间概念不清、空间概念错讹、制度概念模糊、地名概念含混的状况,直接地影响着该文的学术见解之可靠性,因而难于成立。在现阶段,"六胡州"古城定位研究,仍有待继续与深入。     

从云南看近代中国边疆民族地区女学的产生及其影响

在近代中国边疆民族地区女学的兴起与发展历程中 ,西南地区的云南由于民族众多 ,毗邻英属缅甸和法属越南 ,因而女学的产生和影响具有一定的代表性和典型性。本文以中国整体为理论视角 ,探讨了近代云南女学的产生、发展及影响。认为近代云南女学兴起于 19世纪末 2 0世纪初 ,最早始于教会女学 ,云南自办女学的出现推动了女学教育的进一步发展 ,小学男女生同校及大学开放女禁使女子教育趋于完善。近代云南女学不仅培养了大批女性人才 ,还巩固了祖国西南边疆 ,加强了民族团结 ,在一定程度上促进了云南边疆民族地区传统社会的变迁。同时 ,与沿海和内地相比 ,由于受客观条件的限制 ,近代云南女学也具有起步晚、起点低、规模小、类型复杂、总体水平不高等局限。     

相对成熟的西方边疆理论简论(1871-1945)

1945年前的80多年间,西方国家涉及边疆(含边界)问题的理论进入相对成熟的时期,主要是国际法和地缘政治学的相关理论发展迅速,美国、俄国、英国、日本等国的相关理论都得到较为全面的发展。这些理论内容广泛,又具有鲜明的时代性,大多数带有“强权即公理”的特点,或者为帝国主义瓜分世界的种种现象进行解释,或者公然地为大国主宰世界、扩张疆土服务。     

Time and the other time: Trajectories of Fiji time

This article looks into the valuation of time in Fiji with particular emphasis on ‘Fiji time’, an idiom typically employed in reference to unpunctuality or relaxing. The article discusses Fiji time through four exemplars in order to illustrate the degree to which Fiji time is compatible with labour-based valuations of time.