明代蜀藩亲王墓葬的分布及相关问题试析

明代蜀藩墓葬自20世纪50年代以来发现颇多。结合对《明实录》等文献的梳理,推测潘家沟蜀王墓为明晚期的蜀端王墓,圹志碑未写蜀王谥号或与继任者"遽奏名封"一事有关。根据墓葬形制及蜀王文集、地方志等文献,凤凰山"蜀王妃"墓应是一座明早期的郡王级墓葬,墓主为崇庆王的可能性更大。结合部分亲王妃、郡王等略低等级墓葬的分布情况,可知蜀藩亲王墓可分为成都北郊、成都东南郊、黄龙溪、仁寿4个墓区。明初蜀王墓的选址经过较严格的规划;僖王使用了尚在郡王位时即已选定的墓址;此后的和王、定王选址较分散,距成都较远;怀王之后均相对集中葬于成都东南郊,或有政令因素的影响。     

大足多宝塔供养人冯大学即冯楫的史料调查

在大足石刻北山多宝塔内,有两龛造像和六件铭文与冯大学、冯某有关。经考证,冯大学、冯某即南宋绍兴时官员冯楫。     

Local and more local: Impact of size and organization type of settlement units on candidacy

Following current debates on the study of the quality of local government, this article focuses on the effects of settlement unit size and organizational type on candidacy in local elections within the Czech Republic. Municipal size and institutional design are traditionally seen as important factors influencing political participation at the local level. However, citizens in differently defined settlement units included in a municipality are disadvantaged differently by these factors and thus, de-motivated to participate in politics. The unit of analysis within the article is a settlement unit within a municipality. The article uses Poisson regression to estimate the effect of the absolute and relative size of the settlement unit and different organizational types of settlement unit on the relative number of candidates in the unit. The analysis is based on data from 6,124 Czech municipalities over three sets of elections. The results of the analysis show that increasing absolute size and decreasing relative size of settlement unit have negative effects on the number of candidates in units. Also the institutionally disadvantaged units (defined by the location of the municipal office within the settlement unit) produce smaller number of candidates. The results show the importance of structural factors on the traditionally neglected type of political participation (candidacy) within this field. This allows the formulation of recommendations for local government reforms, not only in the Czech Republic, but also for amalgamated municipal systems.     

郑和与金陵大报恩寺关系考

明代金陵大报恩寺及其琉璃塔是由著名航海家郑和参与建造的世界奇观。大报恩寺的直接前身为建于吴末晋初的"长干寺",乃是南京地区历史最为古老的寺、塔之一。这里曾经是瘗藏唐三藏玄奘大师的顶骨舍利之处,是明代南京唯一依皇宫建筑体制起造的佛教寺院,也是明代早期总管全国佛教事务的中央机构"僧录司"所在,拥有全国佛教管理和佛学中心之地位。该寺还与明成祖身世之谜及成祖夺嫡易位乃至建文出家失踪诸史事相关。在其长达16年的建造过程中,郑和自始至终都参与其中,从而对该工程之完成作出过特殊的贡献。     

解析上海出土文物中的藏传佛教因素

元代以来,藏传佛教广泛在西藏以外地区传播,带来了独特的宗教理念和宗教艺术。江南地区寺塔林立,在上海佛塔"天宫"、"地宫"出土的佛教文物中,诸多藏传佛教文化元素,从较早的元代一直延续到清代。这些文物是藏传佛教在江南地区传播的实证,对其性质的分析研究,可以了解元明清时期汉藏文化的融合方式和特点。     

《国语》观人记述简论

《国语》中有相当多的观人记述。结合当时的社会文化背景和相关的文献资料来看,《国语》观人记述较为全面而深入地反映了西周春秋时期的观人途径和手段,并包含着深刻的文化内蕴和明显的进步意义。就整部作品的文学性而言,《国语》观人记述也有着不可替代的重要功能,这主要表现为借一人之口刻画人物、直指人物内心的白描手法、赋予人物形象以深厚精警的意蕴等。     

An ethnoarchaeological inductive model for predicting archaeological site location: A case-study of pastoral settlement patterns in the Val di Fiemme and Val di Sole (Trentino,Italian Alps)

In this paper I propose a novel integration of inductive predictive modelling and ethnoarchaeology. The case study concerns seasonal upland pastoral settlement patterns in the eastern Italian Alps. A sample of modern pastoral sites has been selected, and their relationships with environmental variables have been analyzed in order to create a model to predict the location of archaeological upland pastoral sites. The model has been tested with modern and archaeological control samples. It has proved to be useful for predicting the location of specific site categories. Ethnoarchaeological fieldwork has been carried out in the same alpine sample area, which has enhanced the interpretative potential of the proposed model, suggesting that the spatial of the analyzed sites could well be related to their dairying function. The creation of ethnoarchaeological locational models with a predictive potential may be very important not only in helping to tackle some theoretical and methodological problems in predictive modelling, but also in enhancing the importance of ethnoarchaeology in landscape archaeology projects.     

The Emergence of Multiple Sclerosis as a Nosological Category in France, 1838–1868

Neurologists have retold a story about the discovery of multiple sclerosis (MS) in essentially the same form from the 1870s to the present. Upon close analysis this narrative was found to be problematic. Once the nosological category of MS came into existence in 1868, physicians reread the scientific past through this new category and created a linear story. Following generations received this story uncritically, rereading the past through the conceptual lens of their own times. Writers selected the earlier cases, illustrations, and medical writings in the literature for inclusion in the discovery narrative and did not analyze them in their original historical contexts. The author offers an alternative account of the discovery of MS. The creation of the disease category of MS by Charcot in France was the result of several converging factors including a new histopathological technology, a unique relationship between patient and physicians in the clinic, a unique relationship between the clinic and the autopsy room, and a neurological culture emphasizing disease specificity.     

水乡寻镇 江南织梦——《清代江南市镇与农村关系的空间透视》述评

本述评围绕吴滔新著《清代江南市镇与农村关系的空间透视》的主要思路和问题脉络,尝试对江南市镇研究及区域历史地理研究提出若干探索方向。评述者讲述其与吴滔近十年在江南共同开展实地调查的真实经历,从而阐释书中有关水乡聚落环境、市镇型塑机制、市镇空间生产等重要分析框架的缘起和旨趣,进而提出尚待商榷和推进的若干课题。