《全清词·顺康卷补编》拾遗

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Archaeology Programs at the Palestinian Universities: Reality and Challenges

Over the past three centuries, Palestine, a country rich in historic and archaeological sites, has drawn many archaeologists, historians, scholars, clergymen, adventurers and treasure seekers, all wishing to study or, at times, to exploit the cultural heritage of the land. Historically, these Westerners have enjoyed the intellectual and financial fruits of their explorations, while the native population was traditionally relegated to the role of simple laborers in the field-work. Until 1977, when the President of Birzeit University, with the support of the Director of the W.F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research in Jerusalem, founded the archaeology program at Birzeit University, there was no indigenous institution dedicated to the preservation, protection and study of Palestine’s cultural heritage. Since then, four additional Palestinian universities—al-Quds University, an-Najah National University, Hebron University and the Islamic University of Gaza—have developed archaeological programs designed to train qualified professionals committed to the management, preservation, restoration and conservation of cultural resources throughout Palestine. Yet, despite the tireless efforts of countless dedicated men and women at these institutions, there exist numerous political, economic, social and bureaucratic obstacles that greatly diminish the operational effectiveness of these programs and, as a consequence, further jeopardize the future of Palestinian cultural heritage resources. The purpose of this analysis is to diagnose the actual efficacy of these programs so that Palestinian stakeholders and policymakers may develop legislative and bureaucratic remedies which will ensure the continued protection and preservation of the Palestinian cultural heritage.     

Keith Muckelroy: Methods, Ideas and Maritime Archaeology

Between his graduation from the Department of Archaeology at Cambridge University in 1974 and his death in 1980, Keith Muckelroy’s work and ideology were crucial in promoting an alternative research methodology in maritime archaeology. Instead of a particularist or historiographic approach, methods prominent both then and now, Muckelroy’s methodology was grounded in the foundations of the prehistoric archaeology he learned under Grahame Clark and David Clarke at Cambridge, and the basic tenets of New Archaeology maturing in the United States during the 1970s. This paper, which elucidates Muckelroy’s methods and research, is neither a complete biography nor an exhaustive study of his ideas. Although unpublished letters, papers and notes were studied in archives at Cambridge University and the National Maritime Museum, there is still much more to be learned from many of his former colleagues and their memories—only a handful of those individuals were consulted during the creation of this work. Nevertheless, this paper was written in the hope that by understanding Muckelroy’s ideas, and placing them in the larger framework of the discipline of archaeology, maritime archaeologists who are attempting to pursue a variety of approaches may find inspirations, models and, perhaps, questions that still need to be answered.     

晚清至民国徽州小农的生产与生活——对5本婺源县排日账的分析

The Pairizhang (day-to-day accounts) found in Huizhou were mostly written by the pupils in old-style private school. They seem similar to a dairy in some way with the activities of family members (mostly male) as the main contents. However, they differ from modern diaries in many ways. It was a common practice in Wuyuan County to keep day-to-day accounts in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. By analyzing the 5 accounts found there, many underlying facts can be revealed, such as the time allocation of the main labor force, the composition of the peasant’s family economy, the general situation of productive activity and the days and ranges of their outdoor activity, etc. All these findings can help us have a better understanding of the peasants’ life in Huizhou at that time. __________ Translated by Li Dan from Jindaishi Yanjiu 近代史研究 (Modern Chinese History Studies), 2008, (2): 119–124     

文本与权力:清至民国时期江西万载地方志分析

As the main literature of socio-economic history, local gazetteers display the dynamic process of local socio-economic structuring and reflect local conflicts among various interest groups. Focusing on local gazetteers in Wanzai County of Jiangxi Province from the Qing to the Republic, this essay shows how local literati played an active role in constructing their local community. These gazetteers reflected the complicated power relations, especially the conflict between the natives and immigrants, and they themselves became the important part of the process of local power reproduction and culture construction. __________ Translated by Luo Hui from Shixue Yuekan 史学月刊 (Journal of Historical Science), 2008, (9): 70–81     

湖州“皇宋州学宝尊”铭青铜牺尊考

20世纪60年代,在湖州安定书院地段的河床上出土了两件青铜牺尊。其中一件的腹底孔盖板上刻有皇宋州学宝尊铭,系北宋时湖州州学释奠先圣、先师之祭器,也是反映宋代地方祭器制度的重要物证。     

清末印花税的筹议与实施

印花税系晚清时期由西方国家传入中国的一大税种,在财政困绌、赔款筹措和洋务新政等因素的促动下,朝野人士多有论介,间或付诸实施,也因民间反对甚力,不免虎头蛇尾,成效未具.1906年鸦片禁政推行后,鸦片税厘开始缩减,为了抵补洋土药税收,度支部匆忙之间筹划研究,短时间内制定了印花税实施的有关章程,希图依靠该税筹措经费,达到抵补鸦片税的目的.无奈清末中央与地方财政关系复杂,民间反对甚烈,印花税不得不日渐式微,成效不大.     

周文王之法新释

周文王在完成准备灭商事业过程中,曾经推行过一条法令--."有亡荒阅".史学界一直都把这条法令诠释为:"对逃亡的奴隶进行大搜捕",并引用这段史料来说明早期周族的社会性质.本文根据资料分析,"有亡荒阅"搜捕的不仅仅是奴隶,而是各阶层逃亡的人各归其主;而且这条法令在周灭商过程中,起了重大作用,它协调了西伯与各诸候国的关系,最终形成了推翻商朝的合力.     

论宋代纸币发行的缘起

宋代是人类历史上首次大规模发行纸币的时代,对后世产生了深远的影响,本文从商品交换、铸币能力、财政需求等几个方面探讨宋朝纸币产生和广泛使用的原因.     

明代官员升迁路径述论

在我国古代,官僚是亲民治国的主体。这批人能否进行有效的治理与他们的经历密切相关。合理的升迁路径有助于官员积累治理经验。明代官员的升迁已成规律,其突出特点有二：其一,内外皆历,即低级中央官流向地方,高级中央官员须有地方任事经历;其二,行政与监察轮历,也就是行政官迁向监察官,监察官流向行政官。明代官员流向也有两大问题：一是内重外轻局面的加剧,从而妨碍了内外皆历制度的有效发挥;二是由翰林累官升尚书入阁者因缺少地方任事经历,故其治理能力大打折扣。