Dual‐Use Technology In the Context of the Non‐Proliferation Regime

Many technologies have both vital legitimate uses and potent military applications. An international regulatory regime has been devised for the purpose of monitoring the use of the most dangerous of these technologies, namely chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. Multiple examples of the use of chemical and biological weapons against members of the public, and evidence of prohibited state weapons development programs, demonstrate the vital need for a more effective enforcement regime. The authors discuss the concept and threat of dual‐use technology, the existing regulatory regime and its shortcomings, and propose enhancing this regime with powerful international judicial authorities to enable the prosecution of any state, group or individual who attempts to misuse dual‐use technology.     

Small prey hunting technology and zooarchaeological measures of taxonomic diversity and abundance: Ethnoarchaeological evidence from Central African forest foragers

Archaeological analyses of faunal assemblages often rely on rationale derived from the prey choice model to explain temporal and spatial changes in taxonomic measures of diversity and/or abundances. In this paper, we present analyses of ethnoarchaeological observations and bone assemblages created by Central African Bofi and Aka forest foragers which show that different small prey hunting technologies target specific suites of prey and that hunters vary their technological choice depending on their foraging goals. Analysis of ethnoarchaeological bone assemblages produced by the Bofi and Aka shows that variability in target prey can create spatially distinct, but contemporaneous, faunal assemblages with different diversity values and abundance indices. These data reveal important variation in how individuals within a contemporary human population rank prey and challenge current assumptions about the meaning of diversity and abundances measures in archaeological contexts. We argue that the use of diversity and abundance indices can obscure important intrasite variability in prehistoric foraging effort and suggest strategies that might enhance current techniques.     

南京大报恩寺塔建筑琉璃构件的科技研究

南京大报恩寺塔是明初重要的皇家琉璃建筑,是代表中国文化的标志性建筑之一,和罗马大斗兽场、比萨斜塔、中国万里长城等一道被称为中世纪世界七大奇迹,具有极高的历史、文化、科技研究价值。本文以南京大报恩寺塔的建筑琉璃构件为研究对象,利用WDXRF、EDXRF、XRD、OM、热膨胀仪、高温测试仪等测试方法研究其胎釉化学组成、烧制温度、结构及物理性能;探讨南京大报恩寺塔建筑琉璃构件胎体原料来源和釉料配方的传承发展关系,揭示其制备工艺技术中所蕴含的科技内涵。     

Effect of heat treatment on siliceous rocks used in prehistoric lithic technology

Stone tool manufacture by many prehistoric and recent societies was characterized by deliberate heating of fine grained siliceous rocks to improve their flaking properties. Extensive mechanical testing of heated and unheated cryptocrystalline and macrocrystalline quartz lithologies has shown that thermal treatment causes a consistent marked reduction in fracture toughness. This mechanical property can be used as an objective measurement of the flaking qualities of stone materials, and a reliable criterion for the recognition of intentionally heated artefacts in the archaeological record. X-ray diffraction studies and scanning electron microscopy have demonstrated that the change in fracture toughness with heating is the result of recrystallization. The poorly ordered, strongly interlocking cryptocrystalline fabric of the unheated samples becomes more equigranular and better crystallized with thermal treatment. As a consequence, fractures propagate more readily in heated samples, accounting for their better flaking properties.     

我国历史文化遗产保护科技成果推广转化现状及对策研究

从我国历史文化遗产保护科学技术研究和科技成果推广转化现状出发,分析了在历史文化遗产保护领域中科技成果推广转化存在缺少政策法规的建立、组织系统不健全等问题,对进一步作好历史文化遗产保护科技成果推广转化提出了运行机制和激励机制的建议。     

空间信息技术在茶马古道遗产保护管理中的应用初探

空间信息技术近年来在文化遗产保护领域发挥了巨大的作用,在大遗址、运河遗产、长城资源等文化遗产调查、保护和管理中得到了广泛的应用.茶马古道作为特殊的线性文化遗产,所经之处受自然环境和地理条件的影响,对其保护和调查都存在很大的难度.而空间信息技术由于其全天时、全天候、覆盖范围广、信息化程度高、不需要人亲临现场的特点,在文化资源调查和管理中发挥巨大的作用,可以适应这一特殊要求.本文通过对茶马古道在保护和规划中对空间信息技术的需求进行了分析,探讨了空间信息技术在茶马古道文化遗产资源的调查、保护、规划及管理中的应用.     

现代科学技术对中国文物保护的影响和启示

中国文物保护事业的发展是紧紧伴随着现代科学技术的发展而发展的.经过清末的国门被打开、建国后的现代化建设以及改革开放后的科学发展,现代科学技术数度冲击促进着我国的发展,推动文物保护工作上了三个台阶,并具有显著特征.展望现代科学技术在文物保护中应用研究的同时,我们也要认识到建立文物保护理论体系和文物保护技术方法的重要性.     

The Annales de l’Industrie (1820–1827): A Technological Laboratory for the Industrial Modernization of France

In France, during the Restoration, various attempts at industrial modernization were made. One of these consisted in the circulation of technical ideas through industrial exhibitions and the technical press, the latter channel being represented by treatises, manuals, dictionaries and technological journals. One of the first of these journals was the Annales de l’industrie. This paper considers two aspects. First, the institutional environment: the French tradition of technological writing, the national industrial exhibitions, the legacy of the école centrale experiment, and the influence of the Parisian Royal Academic Society of Sciences. Second, an analysis of the contents of the journal is the occasion for a discussion of technological progress on the level of the traditional arts and crafts, the dominant mode of industrial production during the 1820s. Other themes discussed are the avoidance of scientific terminology, official innovation policy, Great Britain as the model to be emulated, and the tension between apprenticeship and modern technical education.