从海龄之死看鸦片战争时期官方与民间的英雄认同

海龄由于其不恰当的军事手段,导致矛盾激化,矛盾聚焦于海龄在京口的活动、死亡方式。围绕其死亡方式,各方争端不断,持续长久。争端方对此各执一词,镇江人利用流言否认海龄殉节,与官方直接对立。争端折射出官方与民间在认同上的差异。     

认同“点染”与本土强化——论新华文学中的鱼尾狮意象

鱼尾狮作为新加坡的形象标志,充满了丰富的少为人知的吊诡。即使是梳理现有的文学书写,它们对鱼尾狮的本土意象叠加、冲突等也令人兴趣盎然。从见证、记载历史,到对自我、族群文化困境与危机的忧心,再到想当然地对自然生态的捍卫,再到国家、政治、文化认同的变迁,鱼尾狮显然从它诞生时的文化意义上的瘦弱到如今变得羽翼渐丰;但同时,其中的吊诡却也如影相随,“纪恶”的同时却也加强了“恶”,反思其缺憾和内在认同的同时,却也强化了它的文化意涵。本文力图剖析新华文学中这个独特的本土意象。     

山东危山西汉墓出土陶器彩绘颜料研究

为研究山东危山西汉墓出土彩绘陶器颜料成分,采用偏光显微镜、显微拉曼光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪进行了分析。研究结果显示,危山汉墓陶器彩绘颜料有朱砂、铅丹、中国紫(汉紫BaCuSi2O6)、铁红、铁黑、白土等。中国紫颜料首次在山东省的发现,扩大了该颜料的使用区域,具有重要的考古学意义。另外,还在紫色颜料中分析出了BaCu2Si2O7蓝色晶体,这是继中国蓝中国紫之后的又一重大发现。     

A DNA test for sex identification in cattle confirms osteometric results

It is of vital importance to be able to sex identify cattle remains to understand the strategies and importance of cattle husbandry in an ancient society. This is usually done from osteoarchaeological assemblages and often relies on measurements of metapodials. The breadth measurement of the distal trochlea is considered an easy way to identify the sex. Bones from males appears to be easily distinguishable from female counterparts, although it has been complicated to find an external control for the morphological results. Here we investigate the reliability of these particular morphometrics for sex identifying cattle bones with molecular genetics. We use a sex discriminating single nucleotide polymorphism in the ZFXY gene and we apply it to DNA from the bones. To keep the fragment size short and suitable for ancient DNA we base the test on a SNP. The test confirms the osteological sex identification in all cases were DNA could be retrieved. This molecular method can also be used when no fragments suitable for osteological sex identification can be found or when the measurements are non-conclusive.     

The digital restoration of painted patterns on the No. 2 Qin bronze chariot based on hyperspectral imaging

The No. 2 Qin bronze chariot unearthed from Qinshihuang's Mausoleum is world famous for its huge size and colourful painted patterns. However, since it had been buried for a long time and was affected by its harsh environment, its painted patterns have been severely damaged. The traditional restoration methods, which mainly rely on expert experience, are manual, inefficient and lack scientific support. Moreover, to protect the important cultural relics, any invasive operations, such as sampling analysis, are strictly prohibited. This paper presents a method that combines hyperspectral imaging and computer technology for the digital virtual restoration of the bronze chariot's patterns. It is non-destructive, more efficient and more scientific. The method reproduces the damaged patterns with the following approaches: restoring the missing edges of the patterns; and distinguishing the different pigments. The obtained result implies that the method can digitally reproduce some of the damaged patterns, and that it can be used as a reference for recreating the patterns of the other painted bronze.     

南唐二陵墓室彩画上滋生藻类、苔藓与霉菌的种类鉴定

南唐二陵墓室彩画上滋生大面积的苔藓、藻类、霉菌,使原有精美鲜艳的彩画被严重遮盖腐蚀。为此,对南唐二陵墓室彩画上滋生的藻类、苔藓与霉菌进行分离纯化,通过菌落形态观察与显微形态观察,对其表面滋生的藻类、苔藓与霉菌进行了初步种类鉴定。鉴定结果表明,确定霉菌为黑根霉(R. nigricans)、亮白曲霉(A.candidus)、青霉 (P.echinulatum Raper)等;苔藓为墙藓属(Totula sp)、毛口藓属(Trichostomum Bruch);藻类为鞘丝藻属(Lyngbya)。鉴定结果可为进一步的防藻、防霉技术研究和墓室彩画的现场保护研究提供科学依据。     

Identification of fragmentary bone from the Pacific

We explore bone microstructure for taxonomic identification of archaeological bones too fragmentary to permit secure identification on morphological grounds. Backscattered electron (BSE) imaging is used to observe bone tissue types and the arrangement of vascular canals, and to facilitate quantification of osteonal canal dimensions. Examination of known examples of relevant taxa (humans [n = 8], pigs [n = 4] and dogs [n = 4]) shows significant differences among them. When the results of this examination are applied to a blind test of modern and archaeological specimens (humans [n = 8], pigs [n = 2]), 100% of specimens are identified correctly. The approach is applied to 13 morphologically unidentifiable fragments from Hawai’i and Fiji to evaluate its potential for identifying bone tools and to increase the number of samples available for dietary analysis. Potential applications of the approach for other contexts are discussed.     

抗菌剂壳寡糖、儿茶素和纳米氧化锌对冻干前处理古木微生物作用的研究

浙江余姚河姆渡出土干栏式建筑木构件,在采用聚乙二醇（PEG）置换填充后存在着微生物侵害问题,为避免采用合成抗菌防霉防腐剂带来的环境污染问题,采用壳寡糖、儿茶素和纳米氧化锌对古木构件进行抗菌试验。采用经典方法对侵蚀微生物进行分离、鉴定,并对壳寡糖、儿茶素和纳米氧化锌的有效抑菌浓度进行研究。侵蚀软性材的细菌主要有铜绿假单孢菌、摩根摩根氏菌和气味黄杆菌,霉菌主要有木素木霉、土曲霉、灰绿曲霉、产黄青霉和无孢目丝核菌;侵蚀硬质材的细菌主要有鲁氏不动杆菌,霉菌主要有康宁木霉、烂木瓶孢霉、产黄青霉、展青霉、考氏头孢霉、细交链孢霉和无孢目丝核菌等。壳寡糖、儿茶素与纳米氧化锌的有效抑菌浓度分别为2．5％、10．0％和5．0％。10％儿茶素对4种主要细菌的抑菌能力大于2．5％壳寡糖和5．0％纳米氧化锌;2．5％壳寡糖对8种丝状真菌的抑菌能力大于10％儿茶素和5．0％纳米氧化锌。鉴于壳寡糖、儿茶素、纳米氧化锌对古木材微生物的选择性作用,考虑到危害河姆渡木材的微生物主要是霉菌,因此将2．5％壳寡糖作为首选的环保型生物抗菌剂。     

城乡一体化进程中的社会认同问题研究

我国已经进入统筹城乡一体化发展的重要时期。要实现城乡全面协调可持续发展的胃标,仅仅建立城乡统一的社会制度体系还远远不够,必须在此基础上促进城市和乡村真正深层次的融合,重塑城乡之间积极的社会认同,包括身份认同、制度认同和文化认同,建立城市居民和外来群体在身份、制度和文化层面上的相互认可、融合和整合,保障城乡居民获得平等的生存和发展权利,实现真正意义上的城乡一体化发展。     

Subsistence variations and landscape use among maritime hunter-gatherers. A zooarchaeological analysis from the Beagle Channel (Tierra del Fuego,Argentina)

Changes in the exploitation of resources among prehistoric hunter-gatherer-fishers of the Beagle Channel (Southern South America) are examined in this paper. Archaeological investigations show the prevalence of maritime hunter-gatherer organization throughout the occupation of the region (ca. 6400 BP – 19th century). Notwithstanding, variations in the exploitation of different kind of animal resources have been detected, and a concomitant reorientation in the landscape use is then inferred. Zooarchaeological evidence from five shellmiddens is analyzed here: evenness measures and relative abundance prey types are used to evaluate such adjustments. Results indicate the major utilization of coastal and terrestrial ecozones and the predominance in the exploitation of mammals (pinnipeds and guanacos) in ancient occupations. While, during the Late Holocene an expansion in ranges of maritime mobility for subsistence is detected, which was associated with an increase in the representation of birds and fish in the zooarchaeological record.