The Mazarrón 1 Shipwreck: an iron‐age boat with unique features from the Iberian Peninsula

Two iron‐age shipwrecks, associated with Phoenician ceramics, were discovered at the Playa de la Isla in Mazarrón, Spain. This preliminary report describes hitherto unknown boatbuilding features of the Mazarrón 1 hull remains. The vessel presents hybrid boatbuilding techniques using both pegged mortise‐and‐tenon plank‐edge fasteners and sewn seams employing longitudinal continuous stitching, and a unique keel scarf. It is an important source of information for the development of shipbuilding in the western Mediterranean during the Iron Age.     

William Tell Militarism: The Swiss Model for Canada’s ‘Citizen Army’

Following Confederation in 1867, Canadians needed to move forward from their dependence on British imperial defence. Canadian militiaman Richard John Wicksteed was first to recommend adopting the model of the Swiss Army, a multi-ethnic, rifle-wielding citizen force powerful enough to ensure Swiss neutrality although surrounded by militaristic European powers. General Officer Commanding Edward Thomas Henry Hutton later proposed the Swiss model for a Canadian ‘National Army,’ echoed by Militia Minister Frederick Borden. In 1917, Colonel William Hamilton Merritt was the final advocate, drawn especially to the notion of equality in Switzerland’s universal military training programme. By this time, however, the Great War had changed concepts of Canada’s military needs from a reliance upon the defence-oriented citizen soldier to a more highly trained, expeditionary military force.     

An interactive point pattern analysis web application and teaching exercise

ABSTRACT

This paper introduces a web-based, interactive point pattern analysis “game” that allows users to generate quickly and repeatedly a point pattern on screen and immediately learn whether the pattern is statistically different from random. It uses two point pattern analysis methods: quadrat analysis (QA) and nearest neighbor analysis (NNA). Studies have shown that gaming approaches, digital tools, and interactive instruction for teaching spatial thinking complement and enhance students’ geospatial skills. This game challenges students to achieve randomness, demonstrates the differences between QA and NNA, and easily permits in-class use by running in any web browser.     

公民资格理论与战后英国社会政策转变

1950年代英国社会学家T.H.马歇尔提出的公民资格理论,成为二战后英国建立普遍主义福利制度的重要依据。公民社会权利是公民资格理论的核心,它对战后英国社会政策的演变产生了重大影响。1970年代末英国保守党倡导的"消费者主义",以"消费者取向"为原则,以避免个人对国家的依赖、回归个人自助和非正式的照顾为目的,从而否定了公民享有普遍福利的权利;新工党实行了新的公民权利体制,权利和义务的平衡是新工党价值观念的核心,也是贯穿福利国家改革的基本思路,它是对公民社会权利的重新界定。"公民资格"内涵的变化反映了人们对福利国家作用的重新认识以及对公民个体责任意识的强调。     

The Sino‐Soviet Conference, 1924–1927

Soviet Union issued two declarations toward China in 1919 and 1920, promising to nullify all treaty privileges in China previously established by the Tsarist government voluntarily. However, in the formal negotiations Karakhan insisted that old treaties must be replaced by new treaty. Finally, the Sino‐Soviet Agreement, literarily, “Agreement on General Principles for the Settlement of Outstanding Questions”, signed in May 1924 and diplomatic relations restored at once, a conference was stipulated to meet within one month to solve all questions and to conclude a formal treaty. Nevertheless, the conference was postponed for more than a year; when it did convene too many controversies led it nowhere. Since no treaty was produced at the Sino‐Soviet Conference, the old treaties were not abolished, therefore the Soviet's promises were never practiced.     

Dimensions of Darwinism. Themes and counterthemes in twentieth-century evolutionary theory

This article explores the critical history and reception of Charles Churchill, the mid-eighteenth century satirist, looking in particular at his skepticism towards all authority as a questioning of traditional ideas of `enlightenment', and at the reasons for the meteoric but short-lived nature of his poetic success.     

胶州湾事件前的中德交涉与许景澄“卖国”考（1895-1897)

胶州湾事件之前,中德就港口租借问题进行了长达两年的交涉。德国动用了各方人马,推进公私并进的多线外交。清政府倾向于联俄以自保,对德国的无理诉求一味机械回绝,并未足够重视。德国在所谓“和平外交”与“巴兰德—李鸿章”路线接连受挫后,武力占领港口呼声高涨,又值俾斯麦去职后大陆政策转向世界政策,对华外交日趋强硬。1897年的胶州湾事件,是这一连串交涉导向的结果。其间还留下了驻德公使许景澄主张德国武力占领港口之说,更由此揭示出德国对华新外交政策的内部博弈以及晚清驻外使馆外籍参赞僭越职权的普遍问题。     

The Rolt Memorial Lecture 2015: Defining the Vintage Car: L.T.C. Rolt,the Vintage Sports Car Club and the Rise of Motoring Heritage

This paper examines the role played by the engineering historian, biographer and pioneer of canal and railway preservation, L.T.C. Rolt, in the development of an appreciation of motoring heritage. It concentrates on his involvement with the Vintage Sports Car Club in the 1930s, in which he played a key role in defining what a vintage car was. It examines the way in which this helped develop many of the themes that ran throughout his writing and gave him the practical skills needed in his later campaigning for the preservation of industrial heritage.

It also looks at the way in which Rolt's views on the car's impact mirror those held by others, and at the difficulties this posed to someone who was passionate about engineering and yet was horrified by the consequences of industrialisation. His advocacy of the vintage car was the beginning of his lifelong campaign to uphold craftsmanship and skills and to commemorate the role of the engineer and the craftsman in Britain.     

多逻斯川、双河及金牙山——唐将苏定方西征路线考辨

本文在史料分析和前人研究的基础上,考察了公元657年唐将苏定方西征西突厥阿史那贺鲁一役,对进军路线、战役发生地点进行了探索,并进一步对西突厥史地研究中的三个重要地点多逻斯川、双河及金牙山加以考证。结论是:多逻斯川并非额尔齐斯河,而更有可能是今日塔城东南之额敏河,其地应为西突厥北庭所在地,是阿史那贺鲁的重要根据地;双河必不在前人通常认为的博罗塔拉河流域,而是位于今哈萨克斯坦的阿勒坦额墨尔地区;金牙山即唐人贾耽所称之"羯丹山",位于今楚河北岸。     

Mobility of the Creative Class and City Attractiveness: A Case Study of Chinese Animation Workers

The paper investigates the geographical mobility of creative workers in China, focusing on the authors' survey of workers in the animation industry. More specifically, the authors use the Reilly-Converse model and GIS tools to probe the locational choices of Chinese animation workers in Beijing and Shanghai by analyzing such factors of spatial attractiveness as home town, place of residence, and university from which the worker graduated. The paper compares the creative milieus in Beijing and Shanghai, and demonstrates that the "personal trajectory" of human capital is a key determinant of occupational location. The results of the authors' survey highlight the limitations of Richard Florida's 3T theory in the Chinese context.