引发中美第一次严重冲突的“德兰诺瓦事件”研究综述

1821年,美国艾米丽号商船上的水手德兰诺瓦因涉嫌砸死船妇郭梁氏,被广州官方判处绞刑,引发中美两国之间第一次严重的冲突,史称“德兰诺瓦事件”。此事在当时就曾引起争议,并成为列强干涉中国司法独立的借口。中外学者对此事的表述与评析呈现出针锋相对的差异性,争论了近二百年。     

Language and politics in Italy: from Moro to Berlusconi

The article posits the existence of a nexus between some language dimensions on the one hand, and the type of party system and degree of electoral volatility on the other. The first part dissects the old language of Italian politics, these days contemptuously referred to as politichese , and argues that its cryptic character can be properly understood only if seen against both the functional requirements and systemic constraints of the Italian post-war political regime in general, and the functioning of its party system in particular. The second part examines the new language that emerged in the early 1990s, the so-called gentese , and argues that its populist characteristics are linked to the disintegration of old parties which meant that a sizeable portion of the electorate was up for grabs. Other important factors were the emergence of political actors who wished to differentiate themselves from those of the past and their perception that the Italian party system was changing. Il saggio esplora alcuni dei nessi esistenti tra varie dimensioni del linguaggio politico (lessico, complessitÀ sintattica, tono) da un lato, e dimensioni politiche (tipo di sistema di partiti e grado di mobilitÀ elettorale) dall'altro. La prima parte esamina il vecchio linguaggio della politica italiana, oggi sprezzantemente definito politichese , e sostiene che il suo carattere ermetico e complesso è da collegarsi ad alcune caratteristiche del sistema politico della Prima Repubblica e al suo sistema partitico in particolare. La seconda parte esamina il nuovo linguaggio politico italiano (il cosiddetto gentese ) e sostiene che le sue caratteristiche populiste vanno collegate all'aumento della mobilitÀ elettorale registrata all'inizio degli anni 90 (dovuta anche alla disintegrazione dei partiti tradizionali) e alla percezione, largamente errata, dei nuovi attori politici che la riforma della legge elettorale avrebbe condotto necessariamente a un sistema partitico bipolare.     

Introduction

The second Berlusconi government came to power at the end of a period of unprecedented change in Italian politics to which the term 'Italian transition' is frequently applied. While the new government's arrival has not brought the transition to an end, the manner of its election powerfully symbolizes the end of much of what was 'unique' about the Italian polity. Such uniqueness derived essentially from the tripolar nature of the country's party system and the 'blocked' character of its democracy. The crisis of the early 1990s gave rise to the onset of a regime transition whose phases can be described analytically by applying Flanagan's (1973) developmental framework and Linz's (1978) breakdown and re-equilibration model. Given the transition's 'stalling', the article considers what kind of and how much change has taken place in the Italian political system and the degree to which the second Berlusconi government might represent a new departure for it. The Introduction concludes by presenting the 'aspects of the Italian transition' discussed in the following five articles.     

On modeling of chemical stimulation of an enhanced geothermal system using a high pH solution with chelating agent

Dissolution of silica and calcite in the presence of a chelating agent (NTA) at a high pH was successfully demonstrated in laboratory experiments using a high-temperature flow reactor. (Note that the term 'silica' used here includes amorphous silica, quartz, and silicate glass bead.) The mineral dissolution and associated porosity enhancement in the experiments were reproduced by reactive transport modeling using TOUGHREACT. The chemical stimulation method was applied by numerical modeling to a field geothermal injection well system to investigate its effectiveness. Parameters applicable to the quartz monzodiorite unit at the Enhanced Geothermal Systems site at Desert Peak (Nevada) were used. Results indicate that the injection of a high pH chelating solution results in dissolution of both calcite and plagioclase, while avoiding precipitation of calcite at high temperature conditions. Consequently, reservoir porosity and permeability can be enhanced especially near the injection well. Injection at a lower temperature of 120°C (temperature is over 160°C in the base-case) results in a porosity increase that is smaller close to the injection point, but extends to a larger radial distance. A slower kinetic rate results in less aggressive mineral dissolution close to the injection point and larger extent along the flow path, which is favorable for chemical stimulation.     

佛教文化与传统法律制度刍议

佛教作为外来宗教在中国民间流传了两千多年的岁月,佛教文化影响了中国的传统法律制度,对传统社会的行政法律和刑事法律的影响尤为深远。系统地研究和整理佛教文化与传统法律制度的关系,可以更好地揭示出外来文化与本土文化之间的互动作用。     

Geographic information systems in archaeological analysis: a predictive model in the detection of rural Roman villae

This paper describes the experimental model that formed the basis for the author's PhD thesis. The main goal of the work is the implementation of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in archaeological research. A survey of the state of the art was undertaken to enable an assessment of the model to be tried out and how implementation should be undertaken. The problem encountered then, and which still persists, is that data that are sufficiently reliable for archaeological purposes are hard to come by, in digital format.     

发达社会与遏止领先——良渚文化迅速衰落之根源浅析

良渚文化衰落的原因一直是学术界讨论的热点,也是中国文明起源研究的重要课题。本文从社会学和历史学的角度出发,通过对良渚文化早期至中期发展过程的分析,认为良渚文化的衰落是"遏止领先"法则的一个体现,即良渚衰落正是源于其发达的神权社会控制体系。     

系统视野中的上海节庆旅游资源开发

上海节庆旅游资源因其所扮演的促进旅游业和区域经济发展的举足轻重的角色而引起各方关注。本文试以系统论思想为指导,以都市旅游为背景,探讨节庆旅游资源的涵义和上海节庆旅游资源作为系统所具有的整体性、联系性、有序性和动态性等特点。     

清末民初酒税制度因革论

清末财政困窘,支出浩繁,政府在维持旧有税收的同时,力图开辟新的税源,并因应时势而不断变化,酒税从厘捐到烟酒税这样的变化就体现了这一发展历程。民国初创,面临的财政危机依然如故,酒税征收仍然沿习清末旧制,弊病百出。当政者对酒税制度重新设计,意欲将其纳入国家财政收支系统的正轨。对原有酒税加以改革,举办公卖制度开征公卖费,新征烟酒牌照税,构成了民国初年酒税制度的主要内容。然而由于各种各样的原因,这一努力并没有达到制度设计者的初衷。     

三峡地区东周至六朝铁器的考古发现及相关问题的初步探讨

本文介绍了三峡地区东周至六朝铁器的考古发现和研究情况,探讨了三峡早期铁器的特征和发展变化,提出了巴系铁器的概念,进而对三峡铁器的起源、三峡铁器与农业等问题进行了剖析,从多角度对三峡早期铁器进行了一定程度的介绍和研究。