Evaluation of the rate of wood degradation at the Iron Age archaeological site of Biskupin,Poland

A study was made of the degradation of archaeological Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) at the Iron Age archaeological site of Biskupin, Poland. Wood degradation was evaluated after 10 years of deposition of samples in different burial conditions (mineral soil, peat and water) and at different depths (25, 50 and 100 cm) at the location of the original archaeological wood from the Lusatian culture settlement. Changes in the wood samples were assessed on the basis of selected physical (maximum water content, basic density and porosity) and chemical (chemical composition, structure of cellulose and lignin) properties. The observed degradative changes were different for samples deposited in different locations of the archaeological site and at different depths. They relate mainly to carbohydrates—both cellulose and hemicelluloses—although the structure of lignin also underwent changes. The experiment using wood that had been degraded to a similar degree to the Biskupin wood enabled identification of the actual danger of degradation of the latter. It was found that the remains of the wooden structure of the Biskupin settlement are degrading, despite the favourable physicochemical conditions prevailing at the site, and it is necessary to take measures to prevent its further decomposition.     

南方潮湿地区壁画表面加固与裂隙灌浆材料的评价研究

为弥补我国南方潮湿地区壁画保护材料研究的欠缺,模拟南方气候条件对壁画表面加固和裂隙灌浆材料进行保护效果的评价研究。通过前期预实验以及表面光泽度、防水性、耐老化性等测试评价得到:质量分数1.5%的RS1930纯丙乳液具有较好的表面加固效果;传统石灰中添加占石灰质量3.0%左右的ZB-SE-3A纯丙乳液和2.0%左右的纳米材料配制而成的灌浆材料具有较好的强度、防霉性、防水性与耐老化性,适合作为潮湿地区壁画灌浆加固材料。     

馆藏壁画表面污染物的激光清洗初步研究

激光清洗作为一种新型清洗技术,具有高效、安全、可控等优点。本研究使用激光清洗技术对壁画样品表面污染物进行清洗试验。通过模拟样块试验确定激光清洗设备的损伤阈值与清洗阈值;然后在损伤阈值与清洗阈值范围内,根据不同污染物采用不同的激光能量密度和辅助手段,对壁画样品进行激光清洗试验,最终确定有效的设备参数;在激光清洗同时使用显微镜和色度仪进行清洗效果评估。清洗试验证实激光清洗技术可有效清理部分壁画表面污染物,并确定部分有效参数,为实际工作提供参考和借鉴。     

明代“金花银”银锭元素组成的无损检测分析

目前对"金花银"银锭的专门研究比较缺乏,本研究利用X射线荧光能谱仪对上海博物馆所藏表面具有"金花银"三字戳记的6枚银锭和6枚普通银锭进行了无损元素组成分析,以此充实"金花银"银锭的研究。检测和分析结果表明:"金花银"银锭中的银含量较高,各表面都测得铁、铅、铜、金元素,其金的含量也较非"金花银"银锭明显偏高,表面可能有粉末形态的腐蚀产物,部分"金花银"银锭表面有结合紧密的汞元素;而非"金花银"银锭中的银含量具有个体差异,并且含金量均比"金花银"银锭的含金量低;此外,"金花银"银锭在形制上与同期的其他非"金花银"银锭有一定相似之处。分析结果为了解明代"金花银"银锭成分组成和制作方式提供了科学依据。     

景德镇湖田窑北宋褐彩瓷枕的化学组成及工艺特征分析

景德镇湖田窑北宋仁宗时期(1023—1063年)新出现了褐色点彩装饰器物,其工艺特征、技术来源和对景德镇元代以后釉下彩绘工艺的影响一直受到广泛关注。研究采用能量色散X荧光光谱分析仪、光学相干断层扫描仪、体式显微镜、高温热膨胀仪等,分析了8件北宋褐色点彩瓷枕样品的胎、釉、彩的化学组成,及胎体吸水率和烧成温度,初步揭示了景德镇湖田窑出土北宋褐色点彩瓷枕的制作工艺和化学组成特征。结果显示,褐彩瓷枕胎体表面留有明显的网格纹痕迹,在棱边内侧有镶接和泥条加固痕迹,应是在布上拍打成泥片后,逐面镶接成型制得;胎体烧结状态、烧成温度和吸水率相差较大,表面褐色图案为采用富铁原料在胎体表面彩绘后,施灰釉后经1100℃以上高温一次烧制而成。研究结果不仅有利于明晰其化学组成特征和工艺特征信息,而且将为研究和揭示景德镇早期彩绘装饰的发展提供科学参考。     

A geochemical study of bituminous mixtures from Failaka and Umm an-Namel (Kuwait), from the Early Dilmun to the Early Islamic period

This paper is the last in a series presenting geochemical analyses of fragments of bituminous mixtures excavated from archaeological sites in Kuwait. The first was devoted to bituminous boat remains from the Ubaid‐related Neolithic site of H3, As‐Sabiyah, while the second dealt with bituminous amalgams from the Partho‐Sasanian site of ^cAkkaz, a former island now joined to the south side of Kuwait Bay. This, the third, refers to bitumen‐bearing samples from two other islands, Failaka and Umm an‐Namel, and covers a time span including the Early Dilmun period, the Kassite period and the Hellenistic to Early Islamic periods. The composition of the bituminous amalgams was studied in detail. The proportions of soluble and insoluble organic matter as well as vegetal organic matter were evaluated. Mineralogical composition by X‐Ray diffraction and thin‐section analysis was used to estimate the mineral input in the bituminous mixtures. It can be confirmed that the recipes used in the preparation of these bituminous amalgams comply with those traditionally used in antiquity, as seen at many sites in Mesopotamia and the Gulf. Analysis of the soluble organic matter, and especially its ‘‘saturates’’ fraction, provided sterane and terpane distributions and the measurement of diagnostic molecular ratios. These data, complemented by the isotopic composition of asphaltenes, allowed the identification of the sources of the bitumen, by calibration with numerous references from Iran and northern Iraq (oil seeps, bitumen from archaeological sites). It was established that the bitumen from Failaka and Umm an‐Namel was mainly imported from central Iraq (Hit‐Abu Jir) and northern Iraq (around Mosul). One sample of oil‐stained sand, dating to the Early Dilmun period, originated from Burgan and thus documents small‐scale imports from inland Kuwait. These results, and those of previous analyses, agree with the geopolitical context of the Early Dilmun, Kassite and Hellenistic periods, and the maritime trade routes that linked Mesopotamia to the settlements of the Gulf and beyond. The paper concludes with an overview of recent bitumen provenance analyses, and discerns chronological patterns in the distribution of Iraqi and Iranian bitumen in the Gulf and Indian Ocean, from the Neolithic to the Islamic periods.     

纸质文物的热裂解气相色谱-质谱应用研究

对纸质文物的科学认知是保护这类珍贵文化遗产的关键。本研究将热裂解气相色谱-质谱(Py-GC/MS)技术应用到中国传统的四类典型手工纸(竹纸、麻纸、桑皮纸和构皮纸)的分析中,结果表明竹纸中苯酚类物质含量较高,桑皮纸和构皮纸中含有大分子三萜类特征物(如β-香树脂醇、α-香树脂醇和豆甾-3,5-二烯等物质),而麻纸中则无此类特征物——利用这些特征化合物可以区分竹纸、麻纸和桑皮/构皮纸。将这一成果应用到一副清代蜡笺纸对联的分析中：确定了该书法用纸为皮纸(桑皮纸或构皮纸);检测出长链脂肪酸和醇类物质,表明蜡笺纸的制作使用了蜂蜡;检测出吡咯及其衍生物,表明该书法蜡笺纸装裱时所用的胶结材料为动物胶;另外检测到了生物碱类物质,表明该蜡笺纸使用了植物染料。综合以上研究表明,Py-GC/MS方法不仅能够确定中国传统纸质文物的纤维来源,同时可以确定纸质文物上蜡、胶结物及染料等信息;结合传统的赫兹伯格(Herzberg)染色法,进一步确定了皮纸的具体种类。蜡笺纸文物材料信息的检测识别可为文物保护与修复工作提供科学依据,此研究方法为纸质文物的科学认知提供新思路。     

左江流域水土流失现状与治理措施

左江流域包括扶绥、崇左、宁明、龙州、凭祥、大新六县市,位于南宁地区的西南部。由于长期以来不合理的开发利用,致使水土流失现象十分严重,不但有面蚀、沟蚀,有些地方甚至发展成崩岗。该区域总面积15092.39Km²,水上流失面积525.81Km²,本文在分析水土流失现状及成因的基础上,提出相应的水土保持措施。     

湖北荆门左塚楚墓群出土金属器研究

利用XRF、金相显微分析等手段对湖北省荆门市境内左冢楚墓群出土的金属器,特别是青铜器进行了测试分析,XRF分析表明该楚墓群出土的青铜器多为铜、锡、铅三元合金,且容器的锡含量低于兵器和工具,而铅含量则相反。金相分析显示左冢楚墓群出土青铜器多为铸造组织,其中3件铸后经过不同程度的加热;而热锻成形的器物有4件,其中有一件在锻后进行了冷加工。结果显示,此批青铜器合金成分比较科学、制作工艺比较先进。     

几件西沙华光礁I号沉船遗址出水瓷器的保护研究

为了对8件西沙华光礁I号沉船遗址出水瓷器进行表面凝结物去除、脱盐清洗和残缺补全等保护处理,采用X射线衍射(XRD),对瓷器表面凝结物进行了成分分析;用三维视频显微镜对瓷器进行脱盐前、后的显微照相对比;对瓷器表面微孔内的物质,用扫描电镜分析(SEM)方法进行成分检测;用电导率仪测量瓷器脱盐过程中电导率变化情况。结果表明,出水瓷器表面凝结物,容易机械去除的样品,其成分主要是镁方解石及文石;不容易机械去除的样品,其成分主要是锰白云石及文石。瓷器微孔内的白色物质为含氯盐分。经两周时间的脱盐清洗,出水瓷器的脱盐电导率值降至较低水平。本工作结果可为西沙海域出水瓷器的后续保护提供资料。