中亚国家独立前后跨国民族的迁移对其民族结构的影响

本文对中亚各国民族结构主体民族化的状况进行了分析研究。认为在中亚国家政局动荡、经济陷于危机的形势下,民族结构的主体民族化有利于各国暂时缓解民族矛盾和稳定政局,有利于暂时缓解失业带来的社会压力;然而从长远的发展角度来看,它侵蚀了中亚社会稳定的基石,不利于中亚各国社会的长治久安,破坏了良性的社会结构,加速了中亚社会的分化。     

略论西夏的墓葬形制和丧葬习俗

西夏墓葬可分为土洞墓室和砖室,砖室墓多为汉人墓,而党项人墓几乎均为土洞墓室,党项人墓代表着西夏墓葬的形制特点。西夏党项人墓的墓葬结构和葬俗,既反映了党项人本民族的文化传统,同时还可以观察到唐末、佛教文化因素,表现出西夏文化的多源性。     

布罗代尔的地中海叙事诗学

叙事主义历史哲学认为,一切历史都是叙事,但是布罗代尔的《地中海与菲利普二世时代的地中海世界》作为非事件史学的代表对此构成了严峻的挑战。本文在梳理不同学者观点的基础上,试图证明《地中海》亦属于叙事的范畴。首先,《地中海》在采用多种辞格的情况下呈现出一种圆形叙事结构,但是由于这种叙事风格的解读未能与内容分析相结合,所以挑战仍然存在;其次,《地中海》凭借新式历史话语大体上实现了总体史学、结构史学和问题史学的主张;最后,利科的历史叙事理论可以将以上两种分析结合起来,并且在该书中梳理出一条清晰的情节线索。它有助于打破将叙事等同于讲故事或事件史学的成见,颠覆以往对历史叙事的理解,拓展叙事主义历史哲学的解释空间。     

论地理学的重构

通过对传统地理学及其学科体系结构的系统审视,认为传统地理学的危机是其重领域、轻视角,重具体、轻抽象的结果。提出地理学摆脱危机的途径是在现代地理学学科结构框架下,强化地理学核心学科群的建设;并指出了在充分利用现代地理学研究成果的同时,地理学核心学科强化的仿经济学路线与仿物理学路线。     

《周礼》的内容、行文特点及其史料价值

《周礼》前五篇的内容和职官结构各有其特点,也包含着许多矛盾、错综和不合理处,而导致这种情况的原因,主要因为《周礼》是一部未完成的著作。《考工记》的内容和体例则与前五篇不同,自成一家。《周礼》前五篇的行文有如下特点,一是各篇前皆有一《叙官》,二是以职官联系制度,三是兼记有关的经验、技术或人们对某些问题的认识,四是互文见义,故读《周礼》贵在会通。《周礼》虽出于战国人之手,但其中保留了大量有关西周的珍贵资料,只要善于择别,并参以先秦其他文献和出土资料,即可为我们研究古史、特别是研究西周史所用。     

孙家南头墓群周墓地分析

通过对墓地分区和墓葬特征的分析可知,凤翔孙家南头墓群周墓地的墓主至少应由周系族群和广义的殷遗民组成,其中以后者居多。墓地结构反映出这一地区社会亲属关系结构至少分为三个层级。不同亲属集团的墓葬群同处一地,两大族群的文化相互影响。二者人群主体的等级普遍较低,但殷遗民中不乏地位相对稍高者。此外,西周晚期该墓地规模的缩小,很可能与周人对关中西部地区控制力减弱有关。     

Mapping by matching: a computer vision-based approach to fast and accurate georeferencing of archaeological aerial photographs

To date, aerial archaeologists generally apply simple rectification procedures or more expensive and time-consuming orthorectification algorithms to correct their aerial photographs in varying degrees for geometrical deformations induced by the topographical relief, the tilt of the camera axis and the distortion of the optics. Irrespective of the method applied, the georeferencing of the images is commonly determined with ground control points, whose measurement and identification is a time-consuming operation and often limits certain images from being accurately georeferenced. Moreover, specialised software, certain photogrammetric skills, and experience are required. Thanks to the recent advances in the fields of computer vision and photogrammetry as well as the improvements in processing power, it is currently possible to generate orthophotos of large, almost randomly collected aerial photographs in a straightforward and nearly automatic way. This paper presents a computer vision-based approach that is complemented by proven photogrammetric principles to generate orthophotos from a range of uncalibrated oblique and vertical aerial frame images. In a first phase, the method uses algorithms that automatically compute the viewpoint of each photograph as well as a sparse 3D geometric representation of the scene that is imaged. Afterwards, dense reconstruction algorithms are applied to yield a three-dimensional surface model. After georeferencing this model, it can be used to create any kind of orthophoto out of the initial aerial views. To prove the benefits of this approach in comparison to the most common ways of georeferencing aerial imagery, several archaeological case studies are presented. Not only will they showcase the easy workflow and accuracy of the results, but they will also prove that this approach moves beyond current restrictions due to its applicability to datasets that were previously thought to be unsuited for convenient georeferencing.     

Non-Iterative Equivalent Linearization Based on Secant Period for Estimating Maximum Deformations of Existing Structures

The capacity spectrum method of ATC-40 uses the secant period as the equivalent period of equivalent linear systems. Therefore, it results in a direct graphical comparison. The maximum inelastic displacement and acceleration demands of structures can be simultaneously obtained from the intersection of the demand and capacity diagrams. However, for evaluation of existing structures, the demands need to be determined through iterations since the equivalent period and damping of the equivalent linear systems currently available are both a function of the (displacement) ductility ratio, which is unknown and is the target of evaluation. In addition, the equivalent damping used in the capacity spectrum method is independent of periods of vibration. It may lead to poor estimations of maximum responses especially for short-period systems. This article proposes two equivalent linear systems based on the secant period to estimate the maximum displacement and acceleration responses of existing structures. Both the recommended equivalent period and damping are defined by the strength ratio (elastic lateral strength/yield lateral strength), rather than the ductility ratio. Because the strength ratio of existing structures is a known parameter, the maximum displacement and acceleration responses of these structures can be determined without iterations. Besides, effects of periods of vibration on the equivalent linear systems are also included in this study. The equivalent damping is derived from statistical analyses for bilinear single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems with different periods of vibration, strength ratios and post-yield stiffness based on 72 earthquake ground motions recorded on firm sites. Procedures and examples for applications of the proposed equivalent linear systems on nonlinear static analysis procedures are also provided.     

Application of Endurance Time Analysis in Seismic Evaluation of an Unreinforced Masonry Monument

In this article, seismic behavior of the main dome of a well-known middle-eastern historical- monument, “Imam Reza Shrine” (Mashhad, Iran) which is located in a high seismic area in Iran is evaluated. This study focuses on the response history analysis using intensifying dynamic excitations in the framework of Endurance Time Method. Endurance Time Analysis gives acceptable results for a wide range of earthquake intensities and considerably reduces the computational demand in comparison to the conventional Time History Analysis and Incremental Dynamic Analysis. The aim of this study is to investigate the applicability and efficiency of Endurance Time Analysis for masonry monuments and to suggest modifications and interpretations to improve compatibility of the results with Time History Analysis. In addition, to facilitate evaluation of the structural behavior, a dimensionless index, Cumulative Plastic Strain Index, is proposed as a criterion to compare structural performance in terms of the severity and the extent of damage as a function of earthquake intensity.