多元统计分析方法在汉墓等级划分中的应用——以安徽南部西汉早期墓为例

一、前言在考古学研究中,墓葬研究占相当重要的地位。墓葬可以为研究者提供多角度的切入点,具有很多其他考古学资料所无法比拟的信息。有研究者指出,可以通过墓葬研究一个文化的面貌、特征、结构,文化的编年,建立一个文化的时空框架;可以通过墓葬研究一个文化的埋葬习俗,墓葬的埋葬规律以     

美国大都市区尺度上的工业区位研究

工业化和城市化之间的互动关系体现在都市区尺度上的工业区位上。本文在新经济地理学和城市地理学所揭示的产品差异化和城市集聚效应相互关系的基础上,通过区位熵分析、赫芬达尔-赫希曼指数,对美国工业区位与大都市区间的耦合关系进行实证研究。结果显示:集聚于大都市区核心区的往往是产品个性化和定制化程度较高的行业;位于大都市区外围区的大都是产品依赖于城市市场,但标准化程度较高的行业;传统制造业则往往位于非大都市区。多数都市工业的市场集中度较低,而大部分传统工业的市场集中度较高。这不仅印证了新经济地理学的理论推演和城市地理学的行业分析,而且对包括中国在内的转型国家城市及其产业发展具有重要的参考意义。     

略论宋代蕃兵制度

蕃兵是由北方沿边熟户蕃部组成的少数民族军队 ,产生于宋夏战争时期。由于特殊的历史环境 ,北宋重视蕃兵建设 ,形成了较为完备的蕃兵制度 ,并将其纳入到拥宋反夏、御寇镇叛的轨道 ,但蕃兵却受到北宋的多方面歧视。蕃兵的建立 ,是宋代兵制改革的创新。     

The decline and shifting geography of violence in Russia’s North Caucasus, 2010-2016

Abstract

A spatial analysis of the geography of insurgency in the North Caucasus of Russia from 1999 through the end of 2016, focused on the period since 2010, corroborates other work on the incidence of violence in the region. A sharp drop in the absolute number of conflict events over the past half-decade occurred as violence diffused from Chechnya in the mid-2000s and is attributable to a range of domestic and international factors. Domestically, the decline is broadly linked to the securitization of the region around the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, the return to the use of the Kremlin power vertical as a system of political management after an interlude focused on economic development as a mitigation strategy, and the wider adoption of harsh management tactics at the regional and republic scales. Internationally, potential insurgents have left Russia to fight in the Middle East and Ukraine. Using a conflict-event data-set (N = 18,960) from August 1999 through the end of 2016 and focusing on the period since the creation of the North Caucasus Federal District in January 2010, the paper identifies a set of notable trends within the decline and shift in violence. Key findings include a percentage increase in arrests carried out by Russian security services, a decline in retaliation across conflict actors, and the failure of federal subsidies to contribute to declines in violence in the region. The long-term prospects for continued insurgency in the North Caucasus, specifically in light of the collapse of the Islamic State and Russia’s domestic challenges, remain uncertain and should acknowledge the recent decline in violence in the region.     

Formation of Fluid Inclusions during Heat Treatment of Barremo‐Bedoulian Flint: Archaeometric Implications

At the end of the fifth millennium bc , the development of a specialized lithic industry in the Chassey societies of south‐eastern France and its dissemination as far as Catalonia and Tuscany attest to important socio‐economic changes in the Mediterranean Neolithic societies. The lithic production was made on barremo‐bedoulian flint that was heat‐treated to improve the sharpness of the tools produced. Microscopic observations of archaeological and geological, heated and unheated barremo‐bedoulian flint samples allowed us to highlight the heat‐induced formation of fluid inclusions. Microthermometry analyses showed that these inclusions contain pure H₂O, most probably resulting from the dehydration of length‐slow (LS) chalcedony and the closure of narrow pores, according to the model proposed by Schmidt et al. ( 2012 ). Our results enable us to estimate the heating temperatures used by Chassey artisans to ≈ 230°C. We also propose the ‘pressure cooker’ model to explain the migration of liquid water in flint nodules heated to 230°C. Then, we discuss the ability of a particular type of flint to be heat‐treated, and hence its value for Neolithic society, which depends on: (1) the amount of LS chalcedony that ensures the water release at relatively low temperature; and (2) on the total volume of porosity available to store the dehydration water.     

曾国藩厚饷养兵得失研究

“湘军,历史上一奇迹也。”太平天国起义后,曾国藩奉命在湖南原籍帮办团练,旋即组建并统帅湘军参与镇压太平军和捻军。当时的八旗军、绿营的战斗力相当弱,无力抵抗太平军的强大攻势,与之相比,由曾国藩组建的湘军却在镇压太平军的战斗中节节胜利,为巩固清王朝的统治起到了重大的作用。曾国藩实行的厚饷养军制度,使士兵安心服役;以“养将士之廉”为名,给予更优厚的待遇;同时不断保举有军功的将弁,广赐翎顶,以官禄为诱饵驱使官兵效命疆场,是鼓舞士气的有效措施。当时的湘军在军制等各方面都有值得我们借鉴和批判的地方。     

九华山木结构古建筑病害防治探析

我国古建筑大多采用木材作为建筑结构的主要材料,木材为生物材料,很容易遭到各种损害,主要有自然糟朽和各种病虫害,其中最大的损害来自于病虫害.九华山是中国佛教四大名山之一,遗存了大量的古寺庙建筑,作为不可移动文物,古代建筑在各级文物保护单位中占有重要的地位.目前,除自然糟朽之外,对九华山古建筑结构造成生物损害的主要有白蚁、粉蠹虫、黄蜂等有害昆虫.因此,做好病虫害防治是保护古建筑的一项重要工作内容.     

Vein quartz in lithic traditions: an analysis based on experimental archaeology

Worldwide, vein quartz was a commonly used raw material for stone tools but this material has proved difficult for archaeologists to analyse because many quartz assemblages appear to be comprised of amorphous pieces, not easily recognised as humanly modified or forming ‘tools’. This paper discusses the analysis of the debitage – focusing on the debitage fragmentation rate, the debitage, break, and fragment types, and the quantitative analysis of the complete flakes – resulting from experimental knapping of quartz, which formed part of a project which investigated the use of quartz in Irish prehistoric lithic traditions. The results have highlighted the complexity involved in analysing quartz assemblages, and the significant differences between the debitage products of quartz and chert knapping assemblages. While bipolar knapping is generally easy to differentiate from direct percussion, it is harder to differentiate between soft and hard hammer percussion.