新中国成立初期山西省农村扫盲

新中国成立初期,广大农村中文盲半文盲普遍存在的现实难以适应国家社会经济发展的要求,因此开展大规模的农村文化教育势在必行。在中央人民政府的领导下,山西省政府对农村扫盲工作高度重视,通过积极的宣传动员、有效的组织管理以及灵活多样的学习形式,提高了广大农民的文化素质和思想觉悟,形成了良好的社会风尚,为社会主义建设培养了优秀人才。由于农村扫盲受到时代与环境的限制,亦存在形式主义和官僚主义倾向、学习形式僵化等局限性。     

邓小平“南方谈话”的理论贡献、历史作用与现实意义

"南方谈话"深刻回答了长期束缚人们思想的许多重大认识问题,丰富和发展了党的基本理论、基本路线,标志着邓小平理论的最终形成。"南方谈话"有力地将中国的改革开放事业推进到建设社会主义市场经济的新阶段,对于坚持党在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线不动摇和全面建设小康社会具有重要的现实指导意义。     

近代日本对＂蒙＂侵略政策的形成（1904-1912）

日本对东蒙地区的侵略活动开始于日俄战争前后;1907-1909年的新法铁路、锦瑷铁路问题进一步刺激并暴露了日本侵略东蒙地区的野心;后经过一段时间的政策酝酿、准备,辛亥革命期间,随着日本侵略东蒙地区活动高潮的到来,以确保侵占“南满”、同时侵略东蒙为特征的日本对“蒙”侵略政策形成。     

大同南郊北魏墓群研究

通过对时代特征强、演变快的陶器进行分析,可将大同南郊北魏墓群进行重新分组,167座墓葬共划分为五组,其中包含两个数量不多的过渡特征组。遗迹现象表明,第三组时是大同南郊墓地形成史上的巨变时期,此时北魏经历了太和改革和迁都洛阳,第三组墓葬所表现的维持和破坏并存的状况,当是当时现实社会的真实写照。     

Nature and significance of the Howiesons Poort to post-Howiesons Poort transition at Klein Kliphuis rockshelter,South Africa

This paper considers the transition from Howiesons Poort to post-Howiesons Poort technologies at the rock shelter site of Klein Kliphuis, South Africa. The transition at this site is shown to be gradual, with incremental changes in material selection and in the size and shapes of flakes and cores. Implements which appear to blend characteristics of those distinctive of the earlier and later industries appear briefly at the mid-point of the transition. The results suggest that there is unlikely to have been an occupational hiatus between the Howiesons Poort and post-Howiesons Poort. Explanations for the Howiesons Poort phrased in terms of population expansion and contraction are also difficult to support. Technological changes at this time may relate to environmental variation, though the limited nature of terrestrial archives documenting changes in resource productivity necessitate that any such suggestion be made with caution.     

略论敦煌吐鲁番出土的东晋南朝文献

敦煌、吐鲁番出土了一批东晋、南朝时期的文献,它们大多为佛经,也有道经,以及儒家典籍、书札,其中佛道写经的发愿文题记均有纪年,且含有丰富的历史信息,学术价值极高。从发愿文题记可知,这些东晋、南朝文献大多抄写于南方,通过当时东南与西北之间的交通渠道,最终流入到敦煌、吐鲁番等西北地区。这一情况证实：在东晋十六国南北朝时期,西...     

南唐绘画的文人化倾向及文人画“五代萌生说”初探

中国历史上的南唐时期,因统治阶层倡导文治,文人价值观对社会精神起主导作用。在社会文化风尚的影响下,南唐画家的作品也呈现出文人化的倾向,文人画在五代已处于萌生状态,如诗、书、画开始结合于一体且书法用笔进入绘画。中国画在这一时代的发展对文人画的形成意义重大。     

Intramural Burials of Children at Bronze Age Sites in the Southern Urals (Early 2nd Millennium Bc)*

Intramural child burials are rare in Bronze Age settlements of the Southern Urals. The study addresses this type of burial at sites associated with the Sintashta and Petrovka traditions. Their analysis generates two interpretations: one related to fertility and ancestor worship, the other to family relationships and the mentality of the people living in the Bronze Age.     

Historical Perspectives on Pre-Colonial Irrigation in Southern Africa

Abstract

One of the basic areas of interaction between water as natural resource and human societies as agents of cultural transformation is the technology of irrigation. In Africa at least 66 per cent of the available water is used for purposes of irrigation. For more than 4 000 years irrigation has secured food supplies for humans on a continent that is noted for its relative shortage of sufficient natural water supplies.

There is a remarkable hidden power of water in the history of southern Africa. This is particularly the case when we consider the development of early irrigation technologies of Iron Age farmers. The small irrigation furrow of the subsistence farmer was just as important to an insular community of Bantu-speaking people in pre-colonial times, as is the sophisticated irrigation technology in present-day South Africa. Currently there is a paucity of information about pre-colonial indigenous irrigation technology. This can be ascribed to a number of factors of which the invasion of modern Western traditions in the nineteenth century is perhaps the most important. A number of other factors for the apparent blind-spot is also presented in this study.

In southern Africa there are traces of indigenous pre-colonial irrigation works at sites such as Nyanga in Zimbabwe; the Limpopo River Valley; Mpumalanga; and South Africa's eastern Highveld. Reference is also made in this article to specific strategies of irrigation used by Iron Age communities, prior to the advent of a colonial presence. Finally, attention is also drawn to pre-colonial land tenure and state formation against the backdrop of Wittfogel's theories on hydraulic society.     

西周时期的“南国”、“南土”范围刍议

“南国”与“南土”是两个并不等同的概念,“南土”或为周王直接控制的位于王畿南部的区域．在其南部边城地区甚至设有“侯”之类具有军事防卫职能的长官。而“南国”却位于“南土”之外,远离王畿,王朝对该地区的控制强弱视王朝的实力而定。