清代陕西的农业开发与生态环境的破坏

清代陕西地区,在人口日益增长的压力之下,由于不顾后果的过度垦殖,森林、草原等天然植被遭到严重破坏,水土流失严重,并进而导致了干旱和水涝等自然灾害的日益频繁,耕地面积也随之减少。所以,尽管有广大农民的勤奋开发,农业生产也曾一度繁荣,但由于违反了自然规律,终难逃脱衰落的命运。     

Upper crustal fluid flow in the outboard region of the Southern Alps,New Zealand

The currently active fluid regime within the outboard region of the Southern Alps, New Zealand was investigated using a combination of field observations, carbon‐ and oxygen‐stable isotopes from fault‐hosted calcites and interpretation of magnetotelluric (MT) data. Active faulting in the region is dominated by NE striking and N striking, oppositely dipping thrust fault pairs. Stable isotopic analyses of calcites hosted within these fault zones range from 10 to 25‰δ¹⁸O and from ?33 to 0‰δ¹³C. These values reflect mixing of three parent fluids: meteoric water, carbon‐exchanged groundwater and minor deeper rock‐exchanged fluids, at temperatures of 10–90°C in the upper 3–4 km of the crust. A broad, ‘U‐shaped’ zone of high electrical conductivity (maximum depth c. 28 km) underlies the central Southern Alps. In the ductile region of the crust, the high‐conductivity zone is subhorizontal. Near‐vertical zones of high conductivity extend upward to the surface on both sides of the conductive zone. On the outboard side of the orogen, the conductive zone reaches the surface coincident with the trace of the active Forest Creek Faults. Near‐surface flow is shown to dominate the outboard region. Topographically driven meteoric water interacts, on a kilometre scale, with either carbon‐exchanged groundwater or directly with organic material within Pliocene gravels, resulting in a distinctive low ¹³C signal within fault‐hosted calcites of the outboard region. The high‐strain zone in the lower crust focuses the migration of deeply sourced fluids upward to the base of the brittle–ductile transition. Interconnected fluid is imaged as a narrow vertical zone of high conductivity in the upper crust, implying continuous permeability and possibly buoyancy‐driven flow of deeply sourced fluids to higher levels of the crust where they are detected by the isotopic analysis of the fault‐hosted calcites.     

山西初级农业合作化的实践与经验

本文通过对山西试办农业生产合作社和农业合作社的稳步发展两个阶段的分析 ,总结回顾了山西初级农业合作化的发展历程 ,论述了各个阶段群众组织起来的状况、生产力发展的特点、生产关系变革的过程、省委和省政府制定政策的起因以及农业合作化运动对整个农业的社会主义改造和经济发展的重大影响 ,既充分肯定了初级农业合作化运动所取得的成就 ,又客观地指出了工作中存在的缺点和错误 ,既分析了产生这些错误的原因 ,又在此基础上 ,进一步分析和论证了其主要的经验和教训。     

Shell morphometry of seven limpet species from coastal shell middens in southern Africa

Measurements of shell parts and features (elements) of marine limpets can be used to derive morphometric equations for estimating total shell lengths. This is demonstrated for seven limpet species commonly found on the southern African coast. The equations can be used to reconstruct whole shell lengths for highly fragmented limpet samples in prehistoric shell middens. A linear regression model is based on measurements of all shell elements, resulting in high coefficients of determination with excellent predictive power in most cases. These morphometric equations would enable archaeologists to derive more metrical information from fragmentary archaeological material than was previously the case. We also present a case study where morphometric equations of two limpet species are applied to an archaeological sample from the South African west coast for the purpose of investigating possible biases in limpet shell preservation. We conclude that small whole limpet shells survive longer than the bigger ones in this particular case, but that many more such case studies need to be conducted in order to fully understand differential preservation of southern African limpet shells in archaeological sites.     

山西襄汾县陶寺城址发现陶寺文化中期大型夯土建筑基址

2005～2007年,根据中华文明探源工程(第一、第二阶段)相关课题的工作安排,要求在陶寺城址继续发掘,探索宫殿区布局和区划。陶寺大遗址保护规划的制定工作,同样迫切要求我们确定陶寺城址是否存在宫殿区,以及宫殿区所在位置、规模等比较明确的信息。因此,寻找宫殿     

The application of microfossils in assessing the provenance of chalk used in the manufacture of Roman mosaics at Silchester

Microfossils recovered from chalk tesserae in mosaics from the Roman town of Calleva Atrebatum, modern Silchester, southern England, are used to suggest a provenance for the source-rock. The microfossils include foraminifera characteristic of late Cretaceous (Campanian) foraminiferal biozone BGS20 (quadrata macrofaunal biozone) and foraminiferal subzone BGS21i (basal mucronata macrofaunal biozone). Calcareous nannofossil assemblages from the same tesserae are poorly preserved, preventing precise age determination, but confirm an age of Santonian to Campanian. As indurated chalk beds of this age are not normally present in the stratigraphically higher chalks of southern England, it is probable that calcretised chalk, formed by secondary calcification beneath Palaeogene rock cover, was used to manufacture the tesserae. This suggestion is supported by a comparative analysis of chalk tesserae from the Norden Roman site in Dorset. Although the provenance of the chalk in some of the Silchester tesserae can be placed only within a broad geographical area of downland in southern England, others may have originated in the Dorchester–Swanage area, some 100 km to the southwest of Silchester, or the Portsdown area of southern Hampshire. None of the tesserae have been constructed from chalk found near Silchester.     

近十余年来魏晋南北朝女性史研究述评

近十余年来,我国史学界对魏晋南北朝女性史的研究已呈现出可喜的态势。这一时期的婚姻具有明显的政治色彩,但婚姻文化也相对开放、自由;同时,女性诸多方面的社会地位也明显提高,但这在中国历史上也仅仅是个相对的概念,在总体上,这一时期的女性依旧处于社会的从属地位。另外,由于魏晋南北朝时期社会的动乱,儒学的衰微,外来文化的影响,也促进了女性生命意识的复苏,人格的觉醒和理性的重新发现。总体而言,学术界对魏晋南北朝女性的研究是范围广,层次多。角度新,但依旧不够全面,宏观胜于微观。     

精品年鉴发展路径与思考——以“五连冠”中国精品年鉴《山西年鉴》为例

《山西年鉴》从1985年创刊,沧桑发展30年后,创造了2016年版至2020年版连续五年入选中国精品年鉴的优良成绩。本文系统分析其发展路径,并提出若干思考,以期为其他年鉴发展提供借鉴。     

南越国时期汉越文化的并存与融合

岭南文化是以古越文化为基础,在中原先进的汉文化诸因素的强烈冲击和影响下发展而成的。南越国时期汉越文化的并存与融合是当时历史发展的必然趋势。     

基于多元统计分析方法对一批中国南方和西南地区的古玻璃成分的研究

采用多元统计方法对四川、重庆、贵州、广西、广东地区出土的100余个古玻璃样品的化学成分数据进行了分析处理。结果表明:中国南方和西南地区的古玻璃制品主要由具有中国特色的铅钡硅酸盐玻璃和钾硅酸盐玻璃组成,可细分为五大系统类别:K2O CaO(~10wt%)SiO2系统、K2O SiO2系统、PbO BaO SiO2系统、PbO(~25wt%)BaO SiO2系统、CaO PbO(~40wt%)BaO SiO2系统。用因子分析探讨了我国汉代南方和西南地区的玻璃本地生产情况,表明该地区在汉代已经拥有自主生产古玻璃的能力。实验结果和实验数据处理方法对研究古代丝绸之路上古玻璃的生产和技术交流提供了新途径。