Australia's decision to initiate Whaling in the Antarctic: winning the case versus resolving the dispute

On May 31, 2010, Australia instituted proceedings before the International Court of Justice in the case of Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan). Although Australian politicians had for some time threatened such a course of action, the decision to proceed with international litigation took many observers by surprise, most basically because Japan appeared to be in a strong legal position and the risks associated with the case appeared greater than Australia's prospects for success. This article examines the background to the whaling dispute and suggests two ways in which litigation in the World Court may contribute to resolution of the dispute no matter the legal outcome of the case.     

六朝隋唐时期考功郎隶属及其职掌之变化

六朝隋唐时期,考功郎隶属及其职掌均发生较大变化。魏晋时,考功郎掌百官考课,隶属于吏部尚书;南朝时,功论郎取代考功郎掌考课,隶属于都官尚书;北朝中后期,考功郎中掌考课百官及考试秀孝,隶属于吏部尚书;隋及唐前期,考功郎中、员外郎之隶属及其职掌略同北朝。唐中期以后,考功郎中、员外郎专掌京官与地方官的考课,策试秀孝的职责则转归礼部。六朝隋唐时期考功郎隶属及其职掌的变化,反映了尚书省机构的职能调整及选举与考课各司其责体制的逐渐形成。     

Origin of deep saline groundwaters in the Vienne granitic rocks (France): constraints inferred from boron and strontium isotopes

As part of a preliminary geological characterization programme to assess the feasibility of an underground laboratory in granitic rock, a series of 17 deep boreholes (maximum depth, 900 m) was drilled by ANDRA in the Vienne district, France. A salinity gradient was demonstrated in the granitic waters with concentrations varying from approximately 1 g L^?1 at 150 m depth at the top of the basement (beneath the sedimentary cover) to 10 g L^?1 in the deeper part (from 400 to 600 m depth). Sr and B isotope ratios were measured in order to better understand the origin of the salinity and to evaluate the degree of water–rock interaction in the system. The results obtained were compared to those of mineral spring waters emerging from the granitic basement in the Massif Central. Evidence in support of a significant marine contribution include: (i) the Cl–Br investigations agree with a marine origin for the saline groundwaters without evolution from seawater; (ii) the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of the Vienne deep groundwaters (0.7078–0.7084) is in agreement with a palaeo‐seawater isotopic signature; (iii) measured δ¹¹B values for the deepest brine samples are enriched in ¹¹B (up to 36.1‰) relative to the granitic springs. The combined use of δ¹¹B, Cl, B, Br, Sr contents and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios makes it possible to define and quantify a mixing model between marine and crustal end‐members in order to explain the origin of the deep saline groundwaters in the Vienne granitic rocks.     

部落与民族主义的竞逐——1953年法国在摩洛哥的政变与格拉维部落的兴衰

部落构成了中东社会生活的一个重要层面,是理解中东国家必不可少的视角。1953年,法国在摩洛哥发动政变,废黜了支持民族主义力量的苏丹穆罕默德五世。格拉维部落在此期间经历了兴衰起落。此次政变集中反映了摩洛哥国内部落和民族主义力量对国家政权的竞逐,是观察中东地区部落和国家间复杂逻辑关系的典型个案。摩洛哥传统势力的代表格拉维部落与国家间关系表现出复杂形态:部落利用国家力量实现崛起,部落对抗民族主义力量发动政变企图控制国家,最后部落被国家抛弃而衰落。在部落和民族主义竞逐国家政权的过程中,法国殖民者成为二者沉浮的决定性因素和制衡力量。由于部落对国家认同的脆弱性,殖民主义政权得以通过玩弄部落认同对殖民地进行分而治之。     

‘The land and its people’: reflections on artistic identification in an age of nations and nationalism

From the late eighteenth century onwards, increasing numbers of visual artists came to identify with their nations and with the homeland and its people. This development was strongly influenced by growing national cultural support and regulation of the arts by academies, art schools, museums and art markets in Western Europe. On a subjective level, the Rousseauan movement of a ‘return to Nature’, Herder's espousal of vernacular cultural self‐expression and, above all, the widespread Romantic cult of authenticity, were potent influences on the inner self‐identification of visual artists after 1800, and were manifested in the novel importance accorded to landscape and rural genre painting in Western Europe. Here I consider the role of national sentiment, the ‘return to Nature’ and the cult of authenticity, first in landscape paintings by Paul Sandby, J. M. W. Turner and John Constable in early nineteenth‐century Britain, and then in the rural genre paintings of Jean‐Francois Millet and Jules Breton in nineteenth‐century France and Josef Israels, Anton Mauve and Vincent Van Gogh in the later nineteenth‐century Netherlands. Their work reveals how nineteenth‐century visual artists became inwardly identified with the ‘land and its people’, and how they in turn contributed, especially through prints and engravings, to the dissemination of national imagery and a cultural nationalism.     

The intellectual origins of Leninism, 1977

This essay is a general introduction to the special number on recent research on Atlantic history. While the topics here presented are diverse, most focusing on the first French Empire, particularly in North America during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the authors share several common themes: (1) In Africa and the Americas, they seek to view the question of the Empire as a series of contested, temporary, and uncertain alliances and collaborations, in which negotiation rather than submission was most often the basis of power relations; (2) In the realm of political economy in theory and practice, the authors refuse pre-established notions of an Atlantic “community” of commodities and merchants functioning within an Atlantic “system.” Instead, they focus on closed networks of merchants functioning within the dynamics of merchant capitalism. (3) The authors seek alternatives to traditional approaches focusing on the nation-state and its institutions. Instead, they examine communities and regions in the Atlantic that include social elites, such as, merchants, the nobility, the gentry, and intellectuals, as well as neglected native peoples and forgotten spaces such as Africa.     

略论敦煌吐鲁番出土的东晋南朝文献

敦煌、吐鲁番出土了一批东晋、南朝时期的文献,它们大多为佛经,也有道经,以及儒家典籍、书札,其中佛道写经的发愿文题记均有纪年,且含有丰富的历史信息,学术价值极高。从发愿文题记可知,这些东晋、南朝文献大多抄写于南方,通过当时东南与西北之间的交通渠道,最终流入到敦煌、吐鲁番等西北地区。这一情况证实：在东晋十六国南北朝时期,西...     

大同南郊北魏墓群研究

通过对时代特征强、演变快的陶器进行分析,可将大同南郊北魏墓群进行重新分组,167座墓葬共划分为五组,其中包含两个数量不多的过渡特征组。遗迹现象表明,第三组时是大同南郊墓地形成史上的巨变时期,此时北魏经历了太和改革和迁都洛阳,第三组墓葬所表现的维持和破坏并存的状况,当是当时现实社会的真实写照。     

隐囊考

隐囊是一种源于印度的以织物为表、以织物或纤维为填充物的圆筒状卧具,南北朝时期由佛教徒和粟特人传入中国北方地区,之后传入南方地区,并成为士族阶层喜爱的晏佚用具。隐囊在南北朝时期和隋唐时期广为流行,宋代以后消失,仅作为名士的象征物在诗文和绘画中出现。