Lake Dwellings in Baden-Württemberg. Conservation Projects In Situ at Lake Constance and the Federsee Moor

The Baden-Württemberg shoreline of Lake Constance and the lakes and moors of Upper Swabia contain important prehistoric wetland sites. From 1979, new research has brought up not only important finds and scientific results but also increasing information about bank erosion in the lakes and desiccation in the moorlands. At Lake Constance, early attempts were made in the 1980s to protect sites threatened by erosion by covering them with geo-textile and gravel. With further protective projects the know-how improved, but crucial questions still remained: What are the best practical solutions? How about ecological compatibility? Do we have other options? The INTERREG IV 2008–2011 international project ‘Erosion and Archaeological Heritage Protection in Lake Constance and Lake Zurich’ brought deeper insights and opened the field for new experiments with protective measures. At the Federsee Moor a long-term project started in 1980 with close collaboration between nature conservation and archaeological heritage management. With archaeological stocktaking, acquisition of land, establishment of new nature reserves, exchange of landholding and hydrographic engineering, the project was completed with the help of European Union funding by LIFE+in 2013.     

Irrigated taro (Colocasia esculenta) farming in North Kohala,Hawai‘i: sedimentology and soil nutrient analyses

How did traditional farming transform the natural environment in the Hawaiian Islands? This question is one that has largely been addressed for rainfed farming of crops like sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), but evidence is lacking for irrigated farming of the critical staple crop taro (Colocasia esculenta). We describe the results of soil nutrient and sedimentological analyses of deeply-stratified pondfield deposits representing a 600-year-long record of irrigated taro farming in the North Kohala District, Hawai‘i Island. Soil is categorized by particle size to determine modes of transport and deposition, and concurrent soil nutrient analyses were conducted to infer shifts in the source of sediments and changes associated with taro harvesting. The advent of farming is clearly detectable in sedimentology, the presence of charcoal found within sediments, and soil chemistry. However, diminished nutrient concentrations can be attributed largely to deposition of a mixture of upstream sediments. Overall, there is no clear evidence for nutrient draw-down by taro harvesting, but we cannot yet rule it out as a factor. This study demonstrates the inherent difficulty of correlating changes in soil nutrients evident in irrigated pondfields with the long term history of soil nutrient cycling.     

QUICK ESTIMATES OF SOFT SEDIMENT THICKNESSES FROM AMBIENT NOISE HORIZONTAL TO VERTICAL SPECTRAL RATIOS: A CASE STUDY IN SOUTHERN ITALY

An approach devoted to quickly assess the thickness of soft sedimentary cover in areas of unknown subsurface morphology is applied in this study. In particular, soil thickness (h) is derived by combining estimates of the resonance frequency (f _r ) relative to soft sediments with the local shear-wave velocity (V_s) profile. For this purpose, (f _r ) values are assessed from horizontal to vertical (H/V) spectral ratios of seismic noise recordings and the (V _s ) profile is obtained by considering information from shallow seismic surveys. Results obtained for a Quaternary sedimentary basin in Southern Italy are discussed. Since in the investigated area only weak independent constraints are available, special emphasis is given to the assessment of uncertainties involved in this estimate of soil thickness.     

A palynological and geoarchaeological investigation into Bronze Age farming at Belderg Beg,Co. Mayo,Ireland

This contribution describes the results and interpretations of geoarchaeological and palynological analyses of a soil profile near to a ¹⁴C dated Bronze Age roundhouse in a sub-peat field system at Belderg Beg, north Mayo in western Ireland, which displayed field-scale evidence of tillage in the form of cultivation ridges. This evidence of arable cultivation was supported by the presence of quernstones in the roundhouse, but there was no supporting evidence from other forms of socio-economic analysis. Soil micromorphological analysis was employed to define how the ridges were created and with what tools; pollen analysis was used to characterise the surface vegetation and test the purpose of the ridges. The results unequivocally showed that a phase of ard cultivation was followed after a brief hiatus by ridge-and-furrow tillage. There were tentative indications of possible amendment of the earlier, ard-worked soil, and more definitive evidence of midden material addition to the ridged soil. An AMS radiocarbon assay on the base of peat overlying the ridges indicated that tillage occurred in the Mid to Late Bronze Age.     

榆阳区明长城典型遗址的雨蚀破坏模式分析

现有的夯土遗址雨蚀病害分类方式关注的是多次降雨后遗址破坏的静态结果,以识别病害、辨明病因为主要目的。为进一步研究水土作用方式在夯土雨蚀病害发育过程中的作用,明确雨蚀病害的动态发育过程,在现场调查的基础上对榆阳区明代夯土长城的雨蚀病害进行分类、统计、分析,综合考虑侵蚀模式、雨蚀动态响应过程和劣化程度三个方面提出雨蚀破坏模式,分别为干湿破坏、冲刷破坏和降雨导致的重力侵蚀三种,三种破坏模式的提出为研究夯土遗址雨蚀和降雨间的响应关系提供新思路。     

秦陵百戏俑坑土遗址纵向水盐运移的模拟土柱实验研究

风化盐析是影响土遗址最为严重的病害之一。了解不同深度处土遗址可溶盐的含量以及变化规律可为土遗址的盐析病害提供理论依据和技术支撑。为此,本实验采用有机玻璃土柱装置和应用EM50传感器探头监测土柱不同深度处的含水率、电导率的变化规律,并结合实验室分析测定了不同时间土柱表面的含盐种类以及含盐量、不同深度处的含盐量等。结果表明,不同深度处土样的含水率越小电导率越大,且土壤表面的含水率最小,电导率最大;利用离子色谱法测定结果表明,除K+之外,Na~+,Mg~(2+),Ca~(2+),Cl-and SO_4~(2-)的含量随深度的变化趋势与含盐量随深度的变化趋势一致。本研究可为土遗址盐析病害的防治提供理论参考。     

结合热力学对古建筑墙体砖(雕)风化侵蚀机理探究

为了揭示古砖的风化侵蚀机理,采用X射线衍射法(XRD)、X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)、扫描电子显微镜观察(SEM)进行微观结构分析,结合压汞仪测试孔的性质,并使用热力学软件(HSC)对砖内的化学反应进行验证。研究结果表明:对于靠近地面一定高度内的古建筑墙体砖,地下水及离子通过砖内的毛细管网络不断向上部和表面进行迁移,在砖内可溶性盐类的结晶以及水结冰时产生的压力是造成墙体砖风化破坏的主要因素;对于NO X、SO 2浓度较高、酸雨较多的地区,酸性物质进入砖体并与钾长石,钠长石等发生反应形成新的盐类,盐的结晶、溶解、流失也是导致古砖破坏的一个不可忽略的因素,尤其是对于地下水无法渗透到的墙体砖,这些可能成为主要的物理化学损毁因素。本研究为古砖以后的保护提供了一种新的研究思路以及科学的理论基础。     

陕北明长城夯土密度与雨蚀破坏的量化研究

为量化研究夯土性质对陕北明长城遗址雨蚀破坏模式的影响作用,采用室内模拟降雨试验的方法对夯土密度和雨蚀量间的关系进行定量化分析。研究结果显示,大到暴雨条件下,干湿作用产生的破坏是低强度夯土(密度1.5 g·cm^-3、1.6 g·cm^-3)最主要的雨蚀破坏模式,冲刷破坏造成的雨蚀量较小;水力侵蚀产生的冲刷破坏和重力侵蚀引起的小范围掉块是高强度夯土(密度1.7~1.9 g·cm^-3)最主要的破坏模式,冲刷破坏造成的雨蚀量较大;当土体含水率在3%~7%区间时,夯土的雨蚀量和密度呈指数函数关系,二者呈现正相关性。研究结果为探索多因素作用下夯土雨蚀的破坏机制提供方法借鉴,是土遗址病害研究的重要组成部分。     

The “Mounth” passes over the Grampians

EUROPE

Our Rivers. By J. W. Kempster. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xi+300. 20 plates. London: Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press, 1948. 25s.

The Outer Hebrides in Relation to Highland Depopulation. By William Adams Hance. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xv+148. 9 maps. Bibliography. [Ph.D. Thesis, Columbia University.] Lithoprinted. New York : William A. Hance, 1949.

St. Columba and Hinba and Na h'Eileacha Naomha. The Whirlpool of Corrievreckan. By the Hon. Arthur Murray, C.M.G., D.S.O. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 28. g illustrations. Chart and sketch map. Privately printed, 1949.

A Hundred Tears in the Highlands. By Osgood Hanbury Mackenzie of Inverewe. Edited with an additional chapter by M. T. Sawyer of Inverewe. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 221. 9 illustrations. Map. London : Geoffrey Bles Ltd. New and revised edition, 1949. 12s 6d.

The Buried Barony. By Alasdair Alpin MacGregor. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xv+163. Frontispiece. 54 illustrations. London : Robert Hale Ltd., 1949. 12s 6d.

Cairnhill. By Hamilton More Nisbett and the late Stair Carnegie Agnew. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp.215. 18 illustrations. Edinburgh: The Moray Press, 1949. 16s.

Bedfordshire. By Laurence Meynell. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xv+366. 49 illustrations. Sketch map. [The County Books.] London : Robert Hale Ltd., 1950. 15s.

The West of England. By Ruth Manning‐Sanders. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. viii+152. 117 illustrations. End‐paper sketch maps. [The Face of Britain Series.] London : B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1949. 12s 6d.

Midland England. A Survey of the Country between the Chilterns and the Trent. By W. G. Hoskins. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. viii+120. 108 illustrations. End‐paper sketch maps. [The Face of Britain Series.] London : B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1949. 12s 6d.

Severn Stream. By Brian Waters. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 206. 17 illustrations. London : J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1949. 15s.

Ulster. By Hugh Shearman. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xii+427. 49 illustrations. Sketch map. [The County Books.] London : Robert Hale Ltd., 1919. 15s.

Ireland. Edited by L. Russell Muirhead, M.A. (Cantab.). 6 1/4 × 4. Pp. Ixxii+296+ (atlas) 31. 15 maps and plans. [The Blue Guides.] London : Ernest Benn Ltd. Second edition, 1949. 15s

Dublin: A Study in Environment. By John Harvey. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xii+116. 161 illustrations. End‐paper maps. ["British Cities” Series.] London: B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1949. 15s.

Iceland Yesterday and To‐day. By Horace Leaf, F.R.G.S. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. viii+205. 18 Photographs. Coloured map. London : George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1949. 15s.

The Viking Lands. By Gordon Young. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp.154. 17 illustrations. Endpaper sketch maps. London : Evans Brothers Ltd., 1949. 9s 6d.

The Norway Tear Book, 1950. Edited by Sverre Mortensen and A. Skøien. 7 1/2 × 5. Pp. 419. Frontispiece. Oslo : Johan Grundt Tanum, 1950.

ASIA

A Handbook for Travellers in India and Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon, including the Portuguese and French Possessions and the Indian States. Edited by Sir Gordon Hearn, C.I.E., D.S.O. 7 1/4 × 4 3/4. Pp. cxxiv+792. Maps and plans. London : John Murray. Sixteenth edition, 1949. 42s.

Robert Knox in the Kandyan Kingdom. Selected and edited by E. F. C. Ludowyk. 7 1/2 × 5. Pp. xxviii+175. 4 photographs by the late Lionel Wendt. End‐paper map. London : Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press (Indian Branch), 1948. Rs 6, or 9s.

White Stranger : Six Moons in Celebes. By Harry Wilcox. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 384. 24 illustrations. Sketch map. London : William Collins, Sons and Co. Ltd., 1949. 16s.

MADAGASCAR

Madagascar. By Hubert Deschamps. 7 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp.188. 16 photographs. 3 sketch maps. Paris : Éditions Berger‐Levrault, 1947. 165 fr.

AMERICA

Histoire de la Grande Pêche de Terre‐Neuve. By Robert de Loture. 7 1/2 × 4 3/4. Pp.255. 1 fig. 2 sketch maps. Paris : Librairie Gallimard, 1949. 325 fr.

Grassland Historical Studies : Natural Resources Utilization in a Background of Science and Technology. Vol. 1. Geology and Geography. By James C. Malin. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xii+377. 3 illustrations. 2 maps. [Lithoprinted.] Lawrence, Kansas : James C. Malin, 1950. $2.50.

South America called Them : Explorations of the Great Naturalists Charles‐Marie de la Condamine, Alexander von Humboldt, Charles Darwin, Richard Spruce. By Victor W. von Hagen. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xiv+401. 28 illustrations. London: Robert Hale Ltd., 1949. 21s.

A Naturalist in the Gran Chaco. By Sir John Graham Kerr, F.R.S. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xi+235. 24 plates. 2 sketch maps. Cambridge: University Press, 1950. 21s.

OCEANIA

Island Administration in the South West Pacific: Government and Reconstruction in New Caledonia, the New Hebrides, and the British Solomon Islands. By Cyril S. Belshaw. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. viii+158. 4 maps. London and New York : Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1950. 12s 6d.

Fijian Village. By Buell Quain. Introduction by Ruth Benedict. 9×6. Pp. xvii+459. 17 plates. 7 sketch maps. Glossary. Chicago, Illinois : University of Chicago Press, 1947. London: Cambridge University Press. 27s 6d.

Polynesian Trade Wind. By Sverre Holmsen. Translated from the Swedish by Joan Bulman. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 186. 29 illustrations. End‐paper sketch maps. London : James Barrie Publishers Ltd., 1949. 15s.

The Kon‐Tiki Expedition : By Raft across the South Seas. By Thor Heyerdahl. Translated from the Norwegian Kon‐Tiki Ekspedisjonen (1948) by F. H. Lyon. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 235. Frontispiece. 18 plates. London : George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1950. 12s 6d.

POLAR REGIONS

We Live in the Arctic. By Constance and Harmon Helmericks. 9×6. Pp. xiv+321. 3 diagrams. 30 illustrations. Decorative end‐paper sketch maps. London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1949. 20s.

OCEANOGRAPHY

The Sea and its Mysteries. By John S. Colman. 7 1/2 × 5. Pp.285. 17 plates. 36 figs. Map. London : G. Bell and Sons Ltd., 1950. 12s 6d.

Les Richesses de la Mer.: Technologie biologique et océanographique. By Noël Boudarel. 10 × 6 1/2. Pp. 549, 1006 figs. [Encyclopédie Biologique, XXIX.] Paris : Paul Lechevalier, 1948. 1500 fr.

Sea‐Shore Life of Britain. By L. R. Brightwell, F.Z.S., F.R.H.S., M.B.A. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xii+116. 94 illustrations. [The British Nature Library.] London: B. T. Batsford Ltd. [1947], 1948. 12s 6d.

BIOGEOGRAPHY

The Badger. By Ernest Neal, M.Sc. (Lond.). 8 × 5 1/2. Pp.xv+158. 12 figs. 1 colour photograph by the author. 29 black‐and‐white photographs. [New Naturalist Monographs, 1.] London : William Collins, Sons and Co. Ltd., 1948. 12s 6d.

EDUCATIONAL

Modern World Geography—Economic and Social. By Earl C. Case and Daniel R. Bergsmark. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xii+746. Diagrams, sketch maps, photographs. 6 coloured maps. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott Company. Revised edition, 1949. 21s.

A Regional Economic Geography. By Samuel Newton Dicken, 10 1/2 × 7 1/2. Pp. xii+516. 263 figs. End‐paper maps. Boston, Massachusetts : D. C. Heath and Company, 1949. London : George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd. 25s.

GENERAL

The Voyages of Captain James Cook round the World. Selected from his Journals and edited by Christopher Lloyd. 8×5. Pp. xxiii+384. End‐paper maps. London : The Cresset Press Ltd., 1949. 9s 6d.