Evaluation of Side Boundary Effects on Dynamic Numerical Modeling for Centrifugal Model Tests

Four different boundary conditions consisting of fixed nodes, motion of roller only in the z or the x direction, and equivalent motion of two side boundaries were applied with a finite element code to simulate seismic behavior of two foundation conditions consisting of dry loose and dense sands. Comparing numerical results with physical model tests indicates that data obtained from the finite element code when considering soil nonlinearity with a sand model based on the tij concept have acceptable agreements with those from dynamic centrifuge tests regardless of the boundary conditions. The results from the boundary conditions of roller in the x direction and equivalent motion of two side boundaries agree well with the experimental data in wave peaks. The two side boundary conditions also keep the ground middle undisturbed and provide the results that are similar to those obtained from the wave amplification experimental data. For numerical simulations of centrifuge model tests, the side boundary condition with roller in the x direction is recommended because of low computation time and high simulation quality.     

Preparation of Engineering Geological Maps of Bam City Using Geophysical and Geotechnical Approach

Engineering geological mapping was carried out at a scale of 1:25000 in the city of Bam, located in southeastern Iran, to provide engineering geological information as a base for seismic microzonation of the city. In this study, Seismic Refraction and Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) surveys were employed along with boreholes in order to identify the characteristics of subsurface material in Bam city. A number of different kinds of maps of the city were prepared consisting of Iso-depth, Iso-velocity, and Iso-Poisson's Ratio maps. The study also involves trial pitting and continuous core recovery, in-situ, and laboratory tests. Borehole data, index properties of soils, and standard penetration test results were used to assess subsurface conditions. Geophysical and geotechnical data were combined to simulate geotechnical boreholes and prepare engineering geological maps to provide basic data for seismic geotechnical microzonation to facilitate in the reconstruction of the city of Bam.     

The “Mounth” passes over the Grampians

EUROPE

Our Rivers. By J. W. Kempster. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xi+300. 20 plates. London: Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press, 1948. 25s.

The Outer Hebrides in Relation to Highland Depopulation. By William Adams Hance. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xv+148. 9 maps. Bibliography. [Ph.D. Thesis, Columbia University.] Lithoprinted. New York : William A. Hance, 1949.

St. Columba and Hinba and Na h'Eileacha Naomha. The Whirlpool of Corrievreckan. By the Hon. Arthur Murray, C.M.G., D.S.O. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 28. g illustrations. Chart and sketch map. Privately printed, 1949.

A Hundred Tears in the Highlands. By Osgood Hanbury Mackenzie of Inverewe. Edited with an additional chapter by M. T. Sawyer of Inverewe. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 221. 9 illustrations. Map. London : Geoffrey Bles Ltd. New and revised edition, 1949. 12s 6d.

The Buried Barony. By Alasdair Alpin MacGregor. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xv+163. Frontispiece. 54 illustrations. London : Robert Hale Ltd., 1949. 12s 6d.

Cairnhill. By Hamilton More Nisbett and the late Stair Carnegie Agnew. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp.215. 18 illustrations. Edinburgh: The Moray Press, 1949. 16s.

Bedfordshire. By Laurence Meynell. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xv+366. 49 illustrations. Sketch map. [The County Books.] London : Robert Hale Ltd., 1950. 15s.

The West of England. By Ruth Manning‐Sanders. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. viii+152. 117 illustrations. End‐paper sketch maps. [The Face of Britain Series.] London : B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1949. 12s 6d.

Midland England. A Survey of the Country between the Chilterns and the Trent. By W. G. Hoskins. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. viii+120. 108 illustrations. End‐paper sketch maps. [The Face of Britain Series.] London : B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1949. 12s 6d.

Severn Stream. By Brian Waters. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 206. 17 illustrations. London : J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1949. 15s.

Ulster. By Hugh Shearman. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xii+427. 49 illustrations. Sketch map. [The County Books.] London : Robert Hale Ltd., 1919. 15s.

Ireland. Edited by L. Russell Muirhead, M.A. (Cantab.). 6 1/4 × 4. Pp. Ixxii+296+ (atlas) 31. 15 maps and plans. [The Blue Guides.] London : Ernest Benn Ltd. Second edition, 1949. 15s

Dublin: A Study in Environment. By John Harvey. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xii+116. 161 illustrations. End‐paper maps. ["British Cities” Series.] London: B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1949. 15s.

Iceland Yesterday and To‐day. By Horace Leaf, F.R.G.S. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. viii+205. 18 Photographs. Coloured map. London : George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1949. 15s.

The Viking Lands. By Gordon Young. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp.154. 17 illustrations. Endpaper sketch maps. London : Evans Brothers Ltd., 1949. 9s 6d.

The Norway Tear Book, 1950. Edited by Sverre Mortensen and A. Skøien. 7 1/2 × 5. Pp. 419. Frontispiece. Oslo : Johan Grundt Tanum, 1950.

ASIA

A Handbook for Travellers in India and Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon, including the Portuguese and French Possessions and the Indian States. Edited by Sir Gordon Hearn, C.I.E., D.S.O. 7 1/4 × 4 3/4. Pp. cxxiv+792. Maps and plans. London : John Murray. Sixteenth edition, 1949. 42s.

Robert Knox in the Kandyan Kingdom. Selected and edited by E. F. C. Ludowyk. 7 1/2 × 5. Pp. xxviii+175. 4 photographs by the late Lionel Wendt. End‐paper map. London : Geoffrey Cumberlege, Oxford University Press (Indian Branch), 1948. Rs 6, or 9s.

White Stranger : Six Moons in Celebes. By Harry Wilcox. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 384. 24 illustrations. Sketch map. London : William Collins, Sons and Co. Ltd., 1949. 16s.

MADAGASCAR

Madagascar. By Hubert Deschamps. 7 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp.188. 16 photographs. 3 sketch maps. Paris : Éditions Berger‐Levrault, 1947. 165 fr.

AMERICA

Histoire de la Grande Pêche de Terre‐Neuve. By Robert de Loture. 7 1/2 × 4 3/4. Pp.255. 1 fig. 2 sketch maps. Paris : Librairie Gallimard, 1949. 325 fr.

Grassland Historical Studies : Natural Resources Utilization in a Background of Science and Technology. Vol. 1. Geology and Geography. By James C. Malin. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xii+377. 3 illustrations. 2 maps. [Lithoprinted.] Lawrence, Kansas : James C. Malin, 1950. $2.50.

South America called Them : Explorations of the Great Naturalists Charles‐Marie de la Condamine, Alexander von Humboldt, Charles Darwin, Richard Spruce. By Victor W. von Hagen. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xiv+401. 28 illustrations. London: Robert Hale Ltd., 1949. 21s.

A Naturalist in the Gran Chaco. By Sir John Graham Kerr, F.R.S. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xi+235. 24 plates. 2 sketch maps. Cambridge: University Press, 1950. 21s.

OCEANIA

Island Administration in the South West Pacific: Government and Reconstruction in New Caledonia, the New Hebrides, and the British Solomon Islands. By Cyril S. Belshaw. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. viii+158. 4 maps. London and New York : Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1950. 12s 6d.

Fijian Village. By Buell Quain. Introduction by Ruth Benedict. 9×6. Pp. xvii+459. 17 plates. 7 sketch maps. Glossary. Chicago, Illinois : University of Chicago Press, 1947. London: Cambridge University Press. 27s 6d.

Polynesian Trade Wind. By Sverre Holmsen. Translated from the Swedish by Joan Bulman. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 186. 29 illustrations. End‐paper sketch maps. London : James Barrie Publishers Ltd., 1949. 15s.

The Kon‐Tiki Expedition : By Raft across the South Seas. By Thor Heyerdahl. Translated from the Norwegian Kon‐Tiki Ekspedisjonen (1948) by F. H. Lyon. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. 235. Frontispiece. 18 plates. London : George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1950. 12s 6d.

POLAR REGIONS

We Live in the Arctic. By Constance and Harmon Helmericks. 9×6. Pp. xiv+321. 3 diagrams. 30 illustrations. Decorative end‐paper sketch maps. London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1949. 20s.

OCEANOGRAPHY

The Sea and its Mysteries. By John S. Colman. 7 1/2 × 5. Pp.285. 17 plates. 36 figs. Map. London : G. Bell and Sons Ltd., 1950. 12s 6d.

Les Richesses de la Mer.: Technologie biologique et océanographique. By Noël Boudarel. 10 × 6 1/2. Pp. 549, 1006 figs. [Encyclopédie Biologique, XXIX.] Paris : Paul Lechevalier, 1948. 1500 fr.

Sea‐Shore Life of Britain. By L. R. Brightwell, F.Z.S., F.R.H.S., M.B.A. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xii+116. 94 illustrations. [The British Nature Library.] London: B. T. Batsford Ltd. [1947], 1948. 12s 6d.

BIOGEOGRAPHY

The Badger. By Ernest Neal, M.Sc. (Lond.). 8 × 5 1/2. Pp.xv+158. 12 figs. 1 colour photograph by the author. 29 black‐and‐white photographs. [New Naturalist Monographs, 1.] London : William Collins, Sons and Co. Ltd., 1948. 12s 6d.

EDUCATIONAL

Modern World Geography—Economic and Social. By Earl C. Case and Daniel R. Bergsmark. 8 1/2 × 5 1/2. Pp. xii+746. Diagrams, sketch maps, photographs. 6 coloured maps. Philadelphia : J. B. Lippincott Company. Revised edition, 1949. 21s.

A Regional Economic Geography. By Samuel Newton Dicken, 10 1/2 × 7 1/2. Pp. xii+516. 263 figs. End‐paper maps. Boston, Massachusetts : D. C. Heath and Company, 1949. London : George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd. 25s.

GENERAL

The Voyages of Captain James Cook round the World. Selected from his Journals and edited by Christopher Lloyd. 8×5. Pp. xxiii+384. End‐paper maps. London : The Cresset Press Ltd., 1949. 9s 6d.     

Seismic Testing of Critical Lifelines Rehabilitated with Cured in Place Pipeline Lining Technology

Trenchless technology is well accepted for repairing critical underground lifelines with minimal ground surface disruption. The cured in place pipeline (CIPP) lining process is an application of trenchless technology that involves the installation of fiber reinforced composites inside existing pipelines. The uncertain performance of pipelines reinforced with CIPP linings in seismic areas is a barrier to the adoption of this method for seismic retrofit. This article evaluates experimentally the transient seismic response of pressurized pipelines reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) linings. The test results show that reinforced pipelines can accommodate very high intensity ground motions and can provide substantial seismic strengthening in addition to efficient rehabilitation of aging underground infrastructure.     

Managing a Monitor — the Case of HMVS Cerberus in Port Phillip Bay: Integration of Corrosion Measurements with Site Management Strategies

Abstract

The hull of the former HMVS Cerberus (1926) collapsed two metres during gales in December 1993, leaving the vessel half-submerged. Sunk as a breakwater in 1926, the vessel is one of the few remaining and accessible twin-turret Monitor-style warships from the 1870s. This paper presents the complex history of attempts to stabilize the site and to preserve the wreck. A series of in situ corrosion studies of corrosion potentials, pH, and residual metal thickness have provided a special insight into the processes of decay and have paved the way for future site stabilization. Removal of the four 16-tonne 10 inch Armstrong rifled muzzle loading guns and their in situ treatment alongside the wreck have assisted in relieving some of the stress on the remaining structure. The paper reports on correlations between the corrosion rate and the formation of concretions and how to determine the end point of an in situ treatment for cannon.     

Source Effects on the Spectral Characteristics of Strong Ground Motions Recorded in Bucharest Area During Vrancea Earthquakes of 1986 and 1990

The August 30, 1986 (M_W ?=?7.1) and May 30, 1990 (M_W ?=?6.9) Vrancea intermediate-depth earthquakes, despite their almost similar magnitudes, have produced very different spectral contents as shown by the strong ground motions recorded in Bucharest and its surroundings. The differences can be attributed to different epicentral distances and to different values of the stress drop. The characteristics of the seismic ground motions recorded in Bucharest area in the 1986 and 1990 seismic events are discussed in the context of (a) the source characteristics of the two earthquakes and (b) the local soil conditions in Bucharest. Furthermore, an attempt is made to determine the soil factors S defined in EN 1998-1 EN 1998-1. 2004. Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance – Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings, CEN.  [Google Scholar] for the Bucharest area, based on the strong ground motion dataset recorded during the two seismic events.     

The Early Bronze Age settlement of Fidvár,Vráble (Slovakia): reconstructing prehistoric settlement patterns using portable XRF

This paper presents first results of chemical analyses of sediment samples from the Early Bronze Age (EBA) settlement Fidvár near Vráble (Slovakia). Large-scale geomagnetic prospection revealed detailed architectural remains of a fortified settlement. Other structures such as an earthwork of the linear pottery culture and at least two Roman march camps were found too. An Auger programme provided sediment samples of different depths, A) from an EBA house and the outer fortification ditch, B) from a potential metal workshop area as indicated by surface finds, and C) from an area located in the settlement's centre. The samples were analysed by a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer in order to investigate the vertical and horizontal distribution of chemical signatures. The comparison of geophysical data and three-dimensional chemical patterns gives us the opportunity to determine the human impact and to reconstruct activity patterns. The potentials and limits in the application of pXRF in archaeological soil chemical surveys are evaluated by systematic comparisons with high resolution laboratory measurements, including atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The pXRF analyses can be reproduced well and show a good accuracy. Whilst (p)XRF analyses reflect the total composition of archaeological soil samples, the results of the AAS and ICP-OES analyses are fundamentally influenced by the acid digestion or extraction methods used. The pXRF analyses of the Vráble soils showed typical patterns of human occupation. For example, there are strong positive correlations between phosphorous, strontium and calcium. Phosphorous shows an enrichment in pathways and the fortification ditch. It is less strongly enriched within the sediments of house structures. Similar results apply to calcium and strontium distribution. But compared to the respective concentrations in sediment samples from the ditch they show a considerably higher variation in samples associated with house structures; that is, individual samples of sediments from house structures contained high concentrations of both, calcium and strontium. The deposits of an area that according to surface finds was thought to represent a potential metal workshop did not show indicative chemical signatures. Targeted excavations confirmed the absence of such as workshop. Finally it was shown that the refill history of the innermost fortification ditch (sample area D) and the overall cultural occupation sequence at the site correlate strongly with the chemical signatures of the respective ditch profile. The systematic variation of key elements along the profile opens up an entirely new perspective for interpreting the site's history. Overall, the study shows the great potential of pXRF as valuable part of an archaeological survey toolkit.     

A charcoal-rich horizon at Ø69, Greenland: evidence for vegetation burning during the Norse landnám?

It is often assumed that the colonisation of Greenland by Norse settlers in c. A.D. 985 had a sudden and dramatic effect on the environment, involving substantial vegetation clearance and environmental degradation. Consequently, it has been argued that charcoal-rich horizons, visible in many sections in Greenland, represent the initial burning of the vegetation by Norse farmers to create land suitable for agriculture. In this study a charcoal-rich layer, visible in a modern drainage ditch beside the Norse farm of Ø69, was analysed using archaeobotany, sedimentary analysis and radiocarbon dating to test the date and formation processes of the horizon. It is demonstrated that the charcoal-rich layer at Ø69 was not derived from in situ vegetation burning in the 10th century and concluded that the layer was probably formed by the addition of midden material to the infields around Ø69 in the 13th and 14th centuries cal AD, perhaps as part of a soil amendment strategy. It is argued that caution must be exercised when interpreting charcoal-rich horizons as time-specific chronological markers in palaeoenvironmental sequences in Greenland.     

温湿度对水井坊遗址的影响

为探讨引起水井坊遗址酒窖开裂、酥粉的主要病害根源,采用化学分析、X射线晶体衍射、温湿度监测等方法对水井坊遗址土样化学成分、矿物组成、监测点的温湿度变化、土样含水量与该点湿度的关系进行分析测试。结果表明:因二个监测点的小环境不同,温湿度变化对它们的影响也不相同,温湿度变化对L2的影响比对J8解剖坑要明显,结合L2周边酒窖和J8解剖坑的病害勘察,认为温湿度变化是引起遗址酒窖开裂、酥粉的主要因素。     

Environmental history in the Mediterranean world: cross-disciplinary investigation of cause-and-effect for degradation and soil erosion

Environmental history is a multidisciplinary enterprise united by shared interests in ecological change and the complex interactions between people and the environment. Its practitioners include expertise in the natural sciences, in history or archaeology, or in political ecology and related social sciences; but there is no agreement on a common agenda and limited success in bridging methodological and epistemological divisions that impede integrative and interdisciplinary research. World-systems history and environmental history also have overlapping interests in long-term change and matters of sustainability. The Mediterranean world sustained agricultural lifeways across some 8000 years, yet its environment has repeatedly been described as degraded, suggesting conceptual confusion between transformation and destruction. This paper is didactic in purpose and uses landscape histories for the Peloponnese and eastern Spain to show that the impact of recurrent, excessive precipitation events and of reduced quality of land cover are difficult to unravel, because they commonly appear to work in tandem. As a result (a) environmental change cannot be assumed or “predicted”, but must be studied inductively by experts with science skills, and (b) cause-and-effect relationships demand an understanding of ecological behavior, for which humanistic insights are indispensable. Social science models highlight systemic relationships from socioeconomic and structural perspectives, but are less suited to deal with the complexity of environmental change or the contingencies exemplified by human resilience. Near Eastern, Greek and Roman agronomic writings offer elite “voices” that speak to cumulative technological change, scientific understanding, and the context of intensification. Rural voices can be heard through ethnography, and in eastern Spain are extended into the past by archaeology and archival research. In the absence of structural constraints, they reveal collective decision-making with respect to a shifting repertoire of agricultural strategies that take into account market opportunities, demographic growth, finite resources and environmental problems. Such adaptability spells resilience, and “good farming” is culturally embedded as a civic responsibility, both in the ethnographic present and in the older, elite agronomic writings. But if the “moral economy” erodes in the wake of food stress, tax extortion, instability, insecurity, or ideological oppression, there is little incentive to pursue long-term strategies, so that behavior focuses on short-term survival. The context for this dialectic of poor versus good ecological management may be structural, but cause-and-effect in the traditional Mediterranean world ultimately depended on ecological and human resilience. Long-term sustainability is similarly non-predictive. It depends on people, rather than social theory.