河南三门峡虢国墓出土西周——春秋时期费昂斯珠的分析研究

河南三门峡虢国墓是西周晚期至春秋初期的大型邦国墓地,其中M2009的六璜组玉佩上使用了费昂斯珠,作为人工制品的费昂斯珠,其材料组成和工艺特点显示了古代科技水平,利用科学分析揭示其科学价值很有意义。本研究运用扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDX)、激光拉曼光谱(Raman)分析了四件三门峡虢国墓M2009出土的费昂斯珠的微观结构和成分。研究发现,四件费昂斯珠采用直接施釉法,釉层使用了铜离子着色,可能使用了含氯和铜的矿物。费昂斯珠的内外表层还发现了羟基磷灰石和朱砂,来自于墓主遗骸和墓葬环境。     

Management of Historic Shipwrecks Through a Combination of Significance and Conservation Assessments

Abstract

Corrosion modelling of decay rates of the iron wrecks in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, has enabled an estimation of the speed at which the historic resource of iron shipwrecks is disappearing. Use of the significance ranking of the iron wrecks, based on the Australian National Standards for significance assessment, provides a useful guide to decision-making, but decisions based solely on these criteria can lead to less than optimal results. From the corrosion rates and the amount of residual metal thickness in structural elements it is possible to determine a conservation ranking that is based on the need for intervention and the chances of being successful in stabilizing the wrecks. The arithmetic product of the significance and conservation rankings defines the treatment score or ranking which forms the basis for rational decision making about deployment of resources.     

Attenuation Relationships for Iran

The purpose of this study is to derive the attenuation relationships for PGA, PGV, and EPA parameters for areas within the seismic zones of Zagros, Alborz and Central Iran with rock and soil substructures. In order to do so, at first the available scientific data including the methods used for deriving attenuation relationships and the parameters involved have been gathered. Afterwards, all the efforts have been focused on gathering a thorough catalogue of earthquakes occurred in Iran. In this regard, a majority of the available catalogs in Iran have been gathered and corrected through different methods and finally a set of 89 earthquake events including 307 earthquake records with reliable data was chosen.

Since in order to derive the attenuation relationships it is essential to extract the parameters from the acceleration records, a great effort was placed on gathering the earthquake acceleration records of Iran. This resulted in building a database of a majority of the earthquake records up to the year of 2004. Afterwards, correction methods applicable to earthquakes records of Iran considering the type of machines used and the ground type were examined which resulted in certain guidelines for correction of earthquake acceleration record data related to Iran.

In the next step the needed parameters were extracted from the earthquake acceleration record data which were consequently divided into two seismic zones of Zagros, and Alborz and Central Iran according to tectonic conditions. After examination of the parameters and choosing the most appropriate among them, the attenuation relationships were derived for such parameters.     

五种含氯铜合金腐蚀产物的拉曼光谱及扫描电镜的分析研究

为深入研究五种含氯铜合金腐蚀产物(氯铜矿、斜氯铜矿、羟氯铜矿、氯磷钠铜石和铜氯矾)的拉曼光谱图,进一步补充金属锈蚀物的拉曼光谱库,采集不同考古来源的铜合金上腐蚀产物的拉曼光谱,并结合扫描电镜观察了腐蚀产物的形貌特征。研究结果表明,氯铜矿、斜氯铜矿和羟氯铜矿3个同分异构体的拉曼光谱并不相同:氯铜矿和斜氯铜矿较为常见,且经常混合在一起;羟氯铜矿不稳定,非常少见,一般与其他两种混合在一起。扫描电镜观察氯铜矿主要为粒状形貌,同时也发现有葡萄状、皮壳状、钟乳状等形貌;羟氯铜矿因少见,目前只观察到板状形貌。氯磷钠铜石腐蚀产物较厚且疏松柔软,常发现于干旱地区有动物或人遗骸墓葬的出土器物上,扫描电镜观察呈花瓣形状的蓓蕾形貌。铜氯矾更为少见,笔者目前只在2件器物上发现。同时对5种腐蚀产物的形成原因进行了讨论。     

A palynological and geoarchaeological investigation into Bronze Age farming at Belderg Beg,Co. Mayo,Ireland

This contribution describes the results and interpretations of geoarchaeological and palynological analyses of a soil profile near to a ¹⁴C dated Bronze Age roundhouse in a sub-peat field system at Belderg Beg, north Mayo in western Ireland, which displayed field-scale evidence of tillage in the form of cultivation ridges. This evidence of arable cultivation was supported by the presence of quernstones in the roundhouse, but there was no supporting evidence from other forms of socio-economic analysis. Soil micromorphological analysis was employed to define how the ridges were created and with what tools; pollen analysis was used to characterise the surface vegetation and test the purpose of the ridges. The results unequivocally showed that a phase of ard cultivation was followed after a brief hiatus by ridge-and-furrow tillage. There were tentative indications of possible amendment of the earlier, ard-worked soil, and more definitive evidence of midden material addition to the ridged soil. An AMS radiocarbon assay on the base of peat overlying the ridges indicated that tillage occurred in the Mid to Late Bronze Age.     

中国森林面积缩减与生态环境的恶化

中国是一个森林资源比较贫乏的国家。更值得忧虑的是,几十年来,原本就十分贫乏的森林资源却遭到大规模的不合理的毁伐,面积缩减了24％。森林资源缩减,使生态环境严重恶化:旱涝灾害增加,土壤侵蚀严重,土地草原沙漠化,空气污染加剧,许多生物种类濒临灭绝。本文以大量数字和事实,尖锐而坦率地指出了我国人民面临的严峻问题,并提出了解决这一问题的方略。     

The effect of soil conditions on the long-term corrosion of buried tin-bronzes and copper

The object of this work was to relate the corrosion of tin-bronzes to the chemical condition of the soil in which they have been buried, most of them since the Bronze Age. Naturally, it was not easy to obtain recent hoards with their related soils, and considerable reliance had to be placed on recorded finds by taking recent soil samples from sites on which hoards were found over a hundred years earlier. Even so, with the exception of peat, a reasonable relationship appears to exist between the pH of the soil and the state of the metal. Acid soils are aggressive to metals and alkaline soils are benign. In no cases were sulphate reducing bacteria active in promoting corrosion. In the main, peat and peaty soils were benign in spite of their acidity, probably due to the protective action of polyphenols.     

秦陵出土青铜水禽锈体组织结构的初步分析

本研究旨在研究秦始皇帝陵园出土彩绘青铜水禽锈体的结构形貌及其形成原因。采用扫描电镜能谱(SEMEDS)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、金相显微分析和离子色谱分析(IC)等多种分析手段,对青铜水禽锈体的组织结构及其埋藏土壤进行了分析检测。结果表明:高湿、火烧、人为破坏的特殊埋藏环境是该批青铜水禽严重矿化的主要原因,而有些矿化严重的部分为稳定的粉状锈蚀物,并非传统意义上的“有害锈”;从组织的微观腐蚀特征来看,铸态枝晶结构的样品α相优先腐蚀;而铸后受热组织则呈晶间腐蚀的特点,腐蚀由晶粒间界向晶粒发展;锈体层状结构的产生与Cu₂O溶解产生空隙,并在合适的环境条件下生成了孔雀石有关。     

Estimation of temperatures beneath archaeological campfires using carbon stable isotope composition of soil organic matter

An Inceptisol and an Alfisol from Western Maryland were sampled by horizon and exposed to the elevated temperatures associated with heat transfer measured beneath campfires. Substantial loss in organic carbon and change in carbon stable isotope composition was observed, even after exposure to relatively low temperatures (200–400 °C). Analyses showed that a comparison of carbon isotope enrichment in organic matter beneath a suspected campfire site to that of unaltered soil would give quantitative information about the minimum effective campfire temperature. Application of these results may lead to particular insight for archaeological sites where soil surfaces have been eroded or otherwise truncated.