Soil mark studies near Winchester,Hampshire

The fate of artifacts incorporated into the ploughsoil as a result of plough damage is considered in terms of two soil mark sites near Winchester, Hampshire. Ploughsoil and subsoil analyses indicate that dispersal of soil material, as a result of ploughing, is limited at the present time and under mould board ploughing techniques. The origin of soil marks underlain only by bedrock is also considered and evidence indicates that such soil marks may appear as groundsurface expressions of ditches which have been removed by plough damage where dispersal of ploughsoil is minimal. Such soil marks may be only short lived if plough depth continues to increase.     

The decomposition of starch grains in soils: implications for archaeological residue analyses

Recent research involving starch grains recovered from archaeological contexts has highlighted the need for a review of the mechanisms and consequences of starch degradation specifically relevant to archaeology. This paper presents a review of the plant physiological and soil biochemical literature pertinent to the archaeological investigation of starch grains found as residues on artefacts and in archaeological sediments. Preservative and destructive factors affecting starch survival, including enzymes, clays, metals and soil properties, as well as differential degradation of starches of varying sizes and amylose content, were considered. The synthesis and character of chloroplast-formed ‘transitory’ starch grains, and the differentiation of these from ‘storage’ starches formed in tubers and seeds were also addressed. Findings of the review include the higher susceptibility of small starch grains to biotic degradation, and that protective mechanisms are provided to starch by both soil aggregates and artefact surfaces. These findings suggest that current reasoning which equates higher numbers of starch grains on an artefact than in associated sediments with the use of the artefact for processing starchy plants needs to be reconsidered. It is argued that an increased understanding of starch decomposition processes is necessary to accurately reconstruct both archaeological activities involving starchy plants and environmental change investigated through starch analysis.     

青铜合金表面晶体棱角处优先生锈的量子力学证明

在扫描电镜（SEM）观察青铜合金粉状锈生长过程的基础上,应用局部密度泛函（LDF）和电场梯度（EFG）方法,分别计算了σ－Cu－Sn和α－Cu一Sn合金晶体表面上原子的能级,并计算了各合金相的体相凝聚能;而后又分别计算了这四种相应情况的化学吸附活化能和化学反应活化能。由活化能的比较得出;晶体棱角上的Cu原子比平直表面上Cu原子的化学反应性能更活泼,因此生锈应首先发生在晶体棱角上;在同种位置上属于σ相的Cu原子又比α相中的Cu原子更活泼,因此在含有Cl-离子的酸性溶液中首先被锈蚀的是-σ相,而产生晶间腐蚀。上述计算与实验观察结果一致。     

青铜粉状锈生长过程的跟踪观测

在自制Cu－Sn－Pb合金表面施加腐蚀液,分别采用扫描电镜,透射电镜,红外反射光谱,红外光声光谱和显微光密度放大等仪器分析技术,跟踪观察粉状锈的生长发展过程。发现：锈蚀首先从表面棱角处发生;Cu首先生成一价锈CuCl,然后继续氧化生成二价锈Cu2（OH）3Cl;初期形成的粉状锈颗粒度极细,仅为纳米量级;常温下生锈速度十分迅速,因此粉状锈对青铜器的破坏性极大。文章对所观测到的现象进行了讨论,对锈体粒子大小及生长速度作了半定量分析。     

Damage assessment and conservation strategy for the largest covered market in Europe: the Ribera Market (Bilbao)

Facing a scarcity of land for urban development and demand for public services, the Municipal Council of Bilbao recognizes the need to make good use of its built heritage and to upgrade it, while maintaining its cultural and functional features. A good example is the case of the Ribera Market, the largest covered market in Europe. Deterioration of the market building and public pressure for improved services has led to proposals for its rehabilitation. To do so, the constructive condition of the building must first of all be assessed and, then, the most appropriate and compatible intervention technique must be selected. Today, there is a broad selection of intervention technologies, for the improvement of both mechanical behaviour and durability. However, in this article, it is demonstrated that these technologies are not always applicable in old buildings, because they depend on the severity of the pathology and the intrinsic characteristics of the building: for example, corrosion due to chloride ions originating from the concrete mass. The lack of knowledge on constructive techniques and the requirements for the application of new technologies complicate the interventions, which in turn further complicates decision-making with regard to the property.     

A brief description of the ordnance survey,and some notes on the advantages of a topographical survey of South Africa

Early maps of Scotland at a national scale provide historical geographers with an important source of data. One of the most important of these maps but still relatively unexploited and poorly understood is the Military Survey of Scotland or Roy Map. Examination is made here of its two versions, the Protracted Copy and the Fair Copy, to check the veracity of the draughtsmen who produced the latter and most commonly consulted version. An examination is made by focussing on two areas of Fife.     

The Bristol channel Coastlands : Early cultural contacts

The relevance to Political Geography, and the nature of the recent electoral emergence of Welsh and Scottish nationalism are examined. Contrasts in geographical conditions associated with the performances of the Welsh and Scottish parties are found to be related to their ideological and cultural characters. The Scottish National Party appears primarily a vehicle for protest, whereas Plaid Cymru is more an expression of a threatened culture.     

Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Load on Pile in a Medium Dr Sand Layer

One-g shake-table experiments are conducted to explore the response of single piles due to liquefaction-induced lateral soil flow. The piles are embedded in saturated Medium Relative Density (Dr) sand strata 1.7–5.0 m in thickness. Peak lateral pile displacements and bending moments are recorded and analyzed by uniform and triangular pressure distributions. On this basis, the observed levels of pile bending moment upon liquefaction suggest a hydrostatic lateral pressure approximately equal to that due to the total overburden stress. Using the experimental data, comparisons with current recommendations are made, and the Showa Bridge case history is briefly assessed.     

General Seismic Load Distribution for Optimum Performance-Based Design of Shear-Buildings

An optimization method based on uniform damage distribution is used to find optimum design load distribution for seismic design of regular and irregular shear-buildings to achieve minimum structural damage. By using 75 synthetic spectrum-compatible earthquakes, optimum design load distributions are obtained for different performance targets, dynamic characteristics, and site soil classifications. For the same structural weight, optimum designed buildings experience up to 40% less global damage compared to code-based designed buildings. A new general load distribution equation is presented for optimum performance-based seismic design of structures which leads to a more efficient use of structural materials and better seismic performance.     

Behavior of Gravity Type Retaining Wall under Earthquake Load with Generalized Backfill

Dynamic response of gravity type retaining wall under seismic load is a topic of considerable research for the last 90 years or more. The concept of deriving dynamic pressure based on rigid body mechanics as proposed by Mononobe and Okabe (M-O method) in 1929 continues to dominate the majority of the codes around the world, although it is reported in a number of cases that the M-O method underestimates the response in many cases. Although the M-O method was originally derived for cohesion less soil yet it is used frequently in deriving pressure for other general soil conditions also, like c-φ soil, c-φ soil with surcharge, etc.

This article is an attempt to predict the response of a gravity wall having a generalized backfill (i.e., c-φ soil with surcharge q and that could also be partially saturated) considering its structural deformation as well as the effect of dynamic soil structure interaction (DSSI), a phenomenon which is often ignored in practice. The results are finally compared with a 2-D finite element analysis carried out in ANSYS to check its validity.