"中国社会史论战"对于唯物史观的传播

20世纪20年代末到30年代初的中国社会性质和社会史论战,是大革命失败后人们思考中国往何处去和人们应该怎么办这些问题造成的,其兴起的学术原因完全是共产国际关于中国社会不同看法的交锋在中国的反响。论战中唯物史观的经典作被大量翻译过来并被许多学争相引用,马克思社会形态学说受到了广泛注意。那时的论战对待唯物史观的态度并非完全赶时髦或纯粹是党派之争,事实上确有一些学对待西方的社会学说和论战中出现的观点,保持着学的风范,即对于理论和学术的批判态度。     

Sociopolitical network interactions: A case study of the Classic Maya

The organization of Classic Maya society emerged from diverse and overlapping social interactions which shaped a dynamic political landscape. Vying for power, elites legitimized their status by claiming ancestry from various supernaturals and engaged in conspicuous displays of competition, warfare, and ritual practice which were often recorded on stone monuments. By examining the inscribed relationships between Maya centers, we chart organizational changes in sociopolitical networks throughout the Classic period. Methods derived from social network analysis are used to examine temporal changes in the distribution and centralization of political power through different network interactions. We examine the intersection of antagonistic, diplomatic, subordinate, and kinship relationships and discuss how these overlapping networks contributed to dynamic changes in the Classic period. This case study demonstrates how current network analysis techniques can contribute to archaeological studies of the scalar dynamics and organizational changes of past social and political systems.     

中国民族文化研究态势与审思——基于国家社会科学基金资助角度

国家级基金课题的资助情况往往能反映学科某一领域的发展趋向和关注动向。论文通过1993-2009年中国国家社会科学基金对"民族文化"资助项目的分析发现:资助项目在逐步增加,但其数量和幅度与其他类别项目相比尚有一定差距。项目资助具有明显的地域指向性和民族指向性,以民族传统文化发展、变迁、保护利用为资助主题,课题立项与历年课题指南密切相关。但也存在研究成果的总体质量有待进一步提高,对诸多弱小民族的关注度不够等问题。因此,国家社会科学基金应继续发挥好学科发展指挥棒的作用,应进一步支持弱小民族的文化研究,鼓励创新性研究和关于"新知"的探讨,引导中国目前较薄弱的文化地理学、民族地理学等学科的发展。同时,在全球化背景下,还要鼓励和加强与国际研究的接轨和融合,提高中国民族文化研究的整体学术水平和实践价值。     

近10年国际社会与文化地理研究的发展及启示——基于《Social and Cultural Geography》论文的统计分析

世纪交替之际"批判"社会地理学和新文化地理学不断得到发展和壮大。在这样的背景下,2000年《Social and Cultural Geography》杂志应运而生。经过10多年的发展,目前该杂志已成为展示国际社会和文化地理学术研究成果的重要窗口之一。本文对《Social and Cultural Geography》2000-2010年刊发的516篇论文进行统计分析,从载文量变化、研究案例地分布和研究领域的关注度等方面分析其特征,在此基础上,对期刊设立的22个研究议题进行了内容分析,以期为国内社会和文化地理学者把握国际最新研究趋势,提升自身研究水平、拓展研究新领域,以及加强与国际研究的融合和促进自身发展等提供借鉴。     

美国新社会史述评

美国新社会史学是 2 0世纪 60年代出现于美国的新史学潮流 ,它改变了美国学术主流的路线 ,是在美国 60年代的社会动荡的背景下产生并发展起来的 ;美国 60年代思想潮流和思维方式的变化是美国新社会史学产生的思想渊源 ;新的历史观的确立标志着美国新社会史学的最终形成 ;新社会史在它的发展过程中遇到了许多无法解决的问题 ,出现了许多弊病 ,80年代美国史学界针对这一切提出了改进方案 ,重新确立了自己独到的史学理论。     

Chiefdoms and the emergence of private property in land

A prevailing characteristic of complex, stratified societies is unequal access to critical resources, and in most cases land is the most fundamental of those resources. Gaining an understanding how relations to land are transformed is viewed as integral to revealing the origins of social inequality. Recent scholarship has proposed an evolution of property rights in land from open access to private property, the latter condition having been attributed to nation states. However, some scholars have concluded from their examinations of Early Medieval Irish texts that land within Irish chiefdoms was regarded as a commodity. The analysis carried out in this paper reveals that in Early Medieval Ireland some land could be considered to be private property, but the holding and transfer of land was restricted to chieftains and their dependents, the lands of commoners being held communally. The closest counterpart to this mode of land ownership is the form of feudalism proposed for the Classic and Post-Classic Maya.     

Acheulean variability and hominin dispersals: a model-bound approach

Understanding the pattern of hominin dispersal is a fundamental component of Palaeolithic archaeology and palaeoanthropology. A widely held assumption is that bifacial handaxe (i.e. Acheulean or ‘Mode 2’) technologies evolved in Africa and dispersed into northern and western Eurasia via subsequent hominin migrations. To date, however, few formal tests of this hypothesis have been presented. Here, we use a combination of morphometrics, cultural transmission theory, and a dispersal model drawn from population genetics in order to test this hypothesis. The iterative founder effect (repeated bottlenecking) model is assumed to be supported if a significant inverse relationship is found between geographic distance from source along an estimated dispersal route and within-assemblage variance. The results of our analyses support the hypothesis that Acheulean technologies evolved in Africa and dispersed with migrating hominin populations into northern and western Eurasia under the assumptions of this iterative founder effect model. Based on our results we suggest that the occurrence of certain Mode 1 technologies such as those east of the Movius Line, and some assemblages assigned to the Clactonian of Britain, plausibly represent instances where effective population sizes in colonising populations dropped below levels where Mode 2 technologies could be maintained.     

Acheulean variation and selection: does handaxe symmetry fit neutral expectations?

It has been suggested that the property of symmetry observed in Acheulean handaxes was selected for functional, adaptive or social and aesthetic reasons. However, selectionist accounts of variation may be contrasted with the approach taken by population geneticists to molecular variation. Population geneticists always first assume a neutral pattern of variation for molecular data, and only look to non-neutral (e.g., selective) scenarios for pattern and variation in the face of strong evidence against this null model of neutral expectation. Here, using a combination of cultural transmission theory, morphometrics, and the principles of population genetics, (null) neutral expectations for Acheulean handaxe symmetry are tested. The results of the analyses are inconsistent with a null hypothesis of neutral expectation for patterns of handaxe symmetry variation. Rather, the results imply that the property of symmetry in Acheulean handaxes was subject to selection for functional, adaptive or social reasons.     

关于构建和完善社会矛盾协调体系的研究

构建和完善社会矛盾协调体系,使社会矛盾能及时化解,社会冲突能有效控制,社会利益能总体平衡,是社会和谐的基本条件。实践证明,现有的社会矛盾协调体系已不能满足我国在新形势下建设社会主义和谐社会的需要,迫切要求从民意反映机制、公共决策机制、矛盾调解机制、公共安全机制、危机防控机制、社会流动机制、社会保障机制等七个方面构建和完善社会矛盾协调体系。     

Identity Formation at a French Colonial Outpost in the North American Interior

Identity formation is a central issue in colonial and post-colonial studies. The ways in which people defined and expressed their identities along multiple dimensions have material implications that are archaeologically accessible. For social archaeologists, material variation is actively constituted and the archaeological record is the residue of a system of signs that individuals used in the construction of class, status, gender, race, and ethnic relations. In the context of French and Native interactions, social identities were fluid, situational, and malleable. The interactions engendered by the fur trade and colonialism in New France had material consequences for identity formation that are being investigated at Fort St. Joseph, an 18th-century frontier outpost in the western Great Lakes.