大同华严寺辽代彩绘泥塑颜料与胶结剂的科学剖析

为揭示大同辽代华严寺彩绘泥塑颜料及胶结剂的化学成分及调制应用组合,对华严寺薄伽教藏殿内的典型颜料层样品进行了综合剖析。利用超景深显微镜、扫描电镜-X射线能谱、显微拉曼光谱等对彩绘样品中的颜料部分展开分析。结果表明,红色颜料主要是铅丹(Pb₃O₄)和朱砂(HgS),绿色颜料主要是孔雀石[Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂]和氯铜矿[Cu₂(OH)₃Cl],而且这两种颜色存在着同色系的两种颜料混和使用的情况。蓝色颜料则为蓝铜矿[Cu₃(CO₃)₂(OH)₂],黄色颜料为雌黄(As₂S₃),金色区域则主要是由金(Au)构成;采用红外光谱和甲基衍生化-热裂解-气相色谱串联质谱技术对彩绘样品中的胶结剂成分进行检测。结果表明,金色区域的胶结剂主要是熟桐油和胶蛋白,说明其中存在着“金胶油”的传统贴金工艺;而其他红、绿、蓝、黄等彩色...     

Tracing firing technology through clay properties in Cuzco,Peru

The purpose of this study was to identify changes in firing practices that occurred during a timeframe that saw the introduction of European kiln technology to the Andes (AD 900–1800). Pottery from an excavated context at the archaeological site of Aqnapampa in the southern highlands of Peru was examined for changes in paste recipes that adapted local materials to increased firing temperatures indicative of evolving firing technologies. Sherds (60) and fragments refired to 890 °C from 12 stratigraphic levels were compared by style, surface treatment, paste color, and vitrification structures (ESEM). Four technological phases of the Cuzco pottery sequence emerged and were used to evaluate the trajectory of a single decorative style (Killke). Previously thought to have been produced in pre-Inca times and curated into later periods, the Killke sherds presented evidence that the style was produced using technologies introduced in the Inca and Spanish Colonial Period.     

南阳市审计局汉墓发掘简报

2001年1月南阳市文物考古研究所在南阳市审计局清理出一批汉代墓葬,其中三座墓葬为木板盖顶的平顶砖室墓,这类墓葬在本区内极少发现.M69出土的瓷壶碎片经鉴定为原始瓷,而这种原始瓷器生产于我国南方江西、浙江等地.因此南阳这件原始瓷壶也很可能来自南方.     

RHX Dating: measurement of the Activation Energy of Rehydroxylation for Fired‐Clay Ceramics

In rehydroxylation (RHX) dating, the activation energy of the rehydroxylation reaction is required first in the estimate of a material's effective lifetime temperature (ELT), and second to correct the RHX rate constant obtained at a given measurement temperature to that at the ELT. Measurement of the activation energy is thus integral to the RHX methodology. In this paper, we report a temperature‐step method for the measurement of activation energy and develop fully the underlying theoretical basis. In contrast to obtaining the activation energy from a series of separate experiments (each of which requires the sample to be dehydroxylated prior to measuring the RHX rate constant), the temperature‐step method not only requires a single dehydroxylation at 500°C but also eliminates repeated acquisition of Stage I data, which are not required for dating purposes. Since the first temperature step is set to correspond to the temperature at which a dating determination is carried out, the measurement of rate constants at higher temperatures simply becomes an extension of dating. Consequently, the logistics of obtaining the activation energy of rehydroxylation are greatly simplified.     

Weakening processes in thrust faults: insights from the Monte Perdido thrust fault (southern Pyrenees,Spain)

The Monte Perdido thrust fault (southern Pyrenees) consists of a 6‐m‐thick interval of intensely deformed clay‐bearing rocks. The fault zone is affected by a pervasive pressure solution seam and numerous shear surfaces. Calcite extensional‐shear veins are present along the shear surfaces. The angular relationships between the two structures indicate that shear surfaces developed at a high angle (70°) to the local principal maximum stress axis σ₁. Two main stages of deformation are present. The first stage corresponds to the development of calcite shear veins by a combination of shear surface reactivation and extensional mode I rupture. The second stage of deformation corresponds to chlorite precipitation along the previously reactivated shear surfaces. The pore fluid factor λ computed for the two deformation episodes indicates high fluid pressures during the Monte Perdido thrust activity. During the first stage of deformation, the reactivation of the shear surface was facilitated by a suprahydrostatic fluid pressure with a pore fluid factor λ equal to 0.89. For the second stage, the fluid pressure remained still high (with a λ value ranging between 0.77 and 0.84) even with the presence of weak chlorite along the shear surfaces. Furthermore, evidence of hydrostatic fluid pressure during calcite cement precipitation supports that incremental shear surface reactivations are correlated with cyclic fluid pressure fluctuations consistent with a fault‐valve model.     

RESPONSE OF UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS

Abstract

A summary of dynamic measurements are presented that illustrate relations between linear seismic demand and true nonlinear response of unreinforced masonry buildings with flexible diaphragms and rocking piers subjected to a series of simulated earthquake motions.     

江苏镇江东晋画像砖墓的渊源和意义补论

江苏镇江东晋画像砖发掘简报曾从历史背景出发,简略指出镇江东晋墓兼具山东和先秦楚文化特点。在简报认识的基础上,再补充若干重要实例并进行分析,可以发现六朝时期今镇江地区自成文化圈,镇江东晋画像砖墓是观察汉晋文化嬗变之迹的典型材料。     

江苏淮安如意里唐井发掘简报

2009年4月,楚州博物馆在淮安如意里小区抢救性发掘了一口唐代砖井(编号J1),共出土可复原器物63件,包括大量瓷器、带"汲"字铭文的铜壶以及刀、钩、矛等铁质兵器。该井结构奇特,腹径巨大,在淮安地区尚属首次发现。     

传统泥质铸型处理技术探源

金属成形加工技术是人类文明的杰出贡献,在中国,传统金属加工技术门类繁多,其中发展最深、应用最广的首推铸造技术。考古发掘与文物研究证明：中国悠远灿烂的青铜文化其基础为铸造技术,而泥质铸型处理技术又是中国传统铸造技术的关键之一。本文拟通过现存传统泥质铸型处理技术的研究、古代文献资料的分析、出土泥质铸型（陶范）的科学测试,对中国传统泥质铸型处理技术的形成作初步探源工作。