Global Markets, Local Practice: Ottoman-period Clay Pipes and Smoking Paraphernalia from the Red Sea Shipwreck at Sadana Island, Egypt

Shipwreck archaeology provides unique evidence for trade, commercial relationships, and the day-to-day existence of occupational communities defined by residence and employment within the industrial space aboard a ship. These concerns are addressed particularly well by finds of utilitarian items such as a small assemblage of 21 clay pipes and three other smoking-related artifacts recently excavated from the ca. 1765 Sadana Island ship which sank at anchor while loaded with coffee, porcelain, qulal, and other goods. Analysis of the assemblage specifically contributes to questions of chronology and typology and presents new evidence for regionalism, style, and the impact of far-reaching trade routes on markets with a global perspective.     

Diet,Geography and Drinking Water in Polynesia: Microfossil Research from Archaeological Human Dental Calculus,Rapa Nui (Easter Island)

Microfossil analysis of human dental calculus provides consumption‐specific and archaeologically relevant data for evaluating diet and subsistence in past populations. Calculus was extracted from 114 teeth representing 104 unique individuals from a late 16^th to early 18^th century skeletal series on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) to address questions of human–environment interactions and possible dietary preference. Scanning electron microscopy was used in lieu of optical microscopy for its superior depth of field and resolution of surface detail. The calculus microfossil recovery produced 16,377 total biogenic silica microfossils: 4733 phytoliths and 11,644 diatoms. The majority of phytoliths correspond with the Arecaceae or palm family (n = 4,456) and the minority corresponds to the Poaceae or grass family (n = 277). Because of the relatively large sample size, we were able to test hypotheses related to age cohort, sex, dental element and geographic region. Results indicate no significant difference in phytolith or diatom recovery based on age cohort or sex. The high frequency and proportion of Arecaceae phytoliths found in calculus extracted from the anterior dentition suggests consumption of soft or cooked foods containing palm phytoliths and the high frequency of diatoms recovered from the southern part of the island argue for different sources of drinking water. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dogomomo Xmas,Kwangwe's Races,and a Murder: W.E. Armstrong and the Rossel Island Money

W.E. Armstrong, British anthropologist, visited Rossel Island in 1921 and derived a theory regarding the islanders' monetary system, which attracted much debate at the time. However, his analysis was ultimately shown to be a misunderstanding of the situation. In this examination of Armstrong's field notes, I show how the linguistic difficulties he worked under, together with the complexity of the monetary exchange and the short term of his fieldwork, combined to lead him astray.     

Forty‐Five Years of Pacific Island Studies: some reflections

Looking back on our own times, we have seen a rise and fall of interest in Pacific Island studies. Our careers, which have led us currently to the Centre for Samoa Studies at the National University of Samoa, retrospectively illustrate transformations in Pacific Studies over the past half century.     

Sound recordings and cultural heritage: the Fonck Museum,the Felbermayer collection,and its relevance to contemporary Easter Island culture

Sound recording plays a prominent role in cultural heritage work in the Pacific region, supported by sound archives and institutional collections that serve to preserve this intangible cultural heritage. While it has long been a standard practice for field recordings to be lodged in institutions of learning, recent developments in Pacific research have emphasised the ethical and social benefits that can result from the repatriation of sound recordings to their communities of origin, and from the development of field recording practices in which cultural stakeholders are more directly involved. Meanwhile, the digitisation of historical sound recordings and the use of digital domains for dissemination have become matters of theoretical and methodological inquiry in their own right. This article seeks to contribute to the discourse surrounding the repatriation of historical field recordings through the presentation of findings from a recent Chilean government-funded digitisation and repatriation project involving previously undocumented recordings of Easter Island (Rapanui) music from the Fonck Museum, Viña del Mar. It will explain the circumstances under which the project developed, the strategies pursued in bringing it to fruition, and the reception of the project by the Rapanui community.     

历史上的零丁洋及其海域范围

宋元时期,广东社会经济发展不断向海洋推进,零丁洋海域进入了人们开发的视野。明清广东海洋经济获得了进一步发展,中外贸易在零丁洋海域相当活跃,也引起了官府对这一海域的重视。正是在不断开发海洋的过程中,人们对零丁洋海域的认识与界定,也逐步由小到大地扩展,文献对零丁洋的记述从人文记忆向地理标识转变。宋元以来,人们对零丁洋海域范围的界定,几乎都是以陆岛为标识加以描述,由原先单一的零丁岛扩大到零丁岛群,进而将这一海域不断扩大,也就是说,不同时期的零丁洋海域有不同的范围界限。     

Composition and evolution of fluids during skarn development in the Monte Capanne thermal aureole,Elba Island,central Italy

We describe the chemistry of the fluids circulating during skarn formation by focusing on fluids trapped in calcsilicate minerals of the inner thermal aureole of the Late Miocene Monte Capanne intrusion of western Elba Island (central Italy). Primary, CH₄‐dominant, C‐O‐H‐S‐salt fluid inclusions formed during prograde growth of the main skarn‐forming mineral phases: grossular/andradite and vesuvianite. The variable phase ratios attest to heterogeneous entrapment of fluid, with co‐entrapment of an immiscible hydrocarbon–brine mixture. Chemical elements driving skarn metasomatism such as Na, K, Ca, S and Cl, Fe and Mn were dominantly partitioned into the circulating fluid phase. The high salinity (apparent salinity between 58 and 70 wt% NaCl eq.) and the C‐component of the fluids are interpreted as evidence for a composite origin of the skarn‐forming fluids that involves both fluids derived from the crystallizing intrusion and contributions from metamorphic devolatilization. Oxidation of a Fe‐rich brine in an environment dominated by fluctuation in pressure from lithostatic to hydrostatic conditions (maintained by active crack‐sealing) contributed to skarn development. Fluid infiltration conformed to a geothermal gradient of about 100°C km^?1, embracing the transition from high‐temperature contact metamorphism and fluid‐assisted skarn formation (at ca 600°C) to a barren hydrothermal stage (at ca 200°C).     

生态文明导向的旅游发展方式转型——基于崇明岛案例

生态文明是人类文明发展的高端形态。生态文明导向的旅游发展方式转型,实质是旅游科学发展方式的实践建构和理论探索。传统旅游发展方式注重景观资源、资本要素的投入,忽视人本关怀。旅游业作为＂国民经济战略性支柱产业与人民更加满意的服务业＂的＂国计民生＂高端定位,为旅游发展方式转型提出了明确的方向。新旅游发展方式,是一种呵护自然生态、彰显人本关怀、坚守公平正义、凸显科学与伦理的文明发展方式。为此,本文基于长江口的崇明岛案例,探讨了旅游发展方式转型的低碳化模式,提出了生态旅游质量提升的一般理论模式。     

崇明岛生态游憩区开发及产品设计

随着都市生活环境的恶化、交通运输的改善以及闲暇时间的增多,人们对都市的游憩需求发展迅速。基于对游憩和生态旅游概念及内涵的理解,本文对都市生态游憩进行了界定,探讨了崇明岛建设生态游憩区应遵循的原则,并对崇明岛生态游憩开发及产品设计进行了研究。