曾国藩厚饷养兵得失研究

“湘军,历史上一奇迹也。”太平天国起义后,曾国藩奉命在湖南原籍帮办团练,旋即组建并统帅湘军参与镇压太平军和捻军。当时的八旗军、绿营的战斗力相当弱,无力抵抗太平军的强大攻势,与之相比,由曾国藩组建的湘军却在镇压太平军的战斗中节节胜利,为巩固清王朝的统治起到了重大的作用。曾国藩实行的厚饷养军制度,使士兵安心服役;以“养将士之廉”为名,给予更优厚的待遇;同时不断保举有军功的将弁,广赐翎顶,以官禄为诱饵驱使官兵效命疆场,是鼓舞士气的有效措施。当时的湘军在军制等各方面都有值得我们借鉴和批判的地方。     

古代折扇的还原修复——以“文俶”“永瑢”扇为例

针对明代"文俶"及清代"永瑢"折扇画面上的虫蛀、残缺、脱色、掉粉,扇骨残损、断裂等病害,借助电镜纸纤维分析等科学手段,对补纸材料的选择、金笺的固色、扇面原折印褶皱处虫蛀洞的补缺等进行了全面分析,制定了扇面清洗、揭离、补缺、全色、接笔的修复方法。同时,在扇骨的修复实践中,探寻与运用"贴肉""续筋""榫卯接骨"等古法,还原修复了扇骨断裂与缺损前的原貌,最大程度地保留了古人在折扇上的审美与实用价值,探讨与实践了传统工艺与现代科技相结合、还原修复古代折扇的一种新的理念与方法。     

The art of science at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory: The rhetoric of aesthetics and humanism in the national laboratory system in the late 1960s

This paper examines how rhetoric shaped the early history of the National Accelerator Laboratory. In a situation defined by a contentious site search and shrinking budgets for research, Robert Wilson crafted an institutional identity for the NAL that emphasized both aesthetic and scientific experience. The paper addresses the circumstances of the laboratory's founding, the "audiences" important to its success, and the ways in which the physical environment and management structure--framed by Wilson's vision of a scientific utopia--reorganized existing perceptions of physics within a humanistic framework intended to distinguish the NAL from its predecessors in the National Laboratory system.     

Willem Einthoven and the Development of the String Galvanometer. How an Instrument Escaped the Laboratory

In 1901 the Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven invented the string galvanometer. It was an instrument capable of recording weak electrical pulses in the human body. He used it to investigate the human heartbeat and in 1924 was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine or physiology for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram. Soon after his first publication he contacted a number of Dutch and international instrument makers with a view to persuading them to produce his apparatus. The correspondence between Einthoven and these instrument makers gives us an insight into the process from prototype through to sellable instrument. It also reveals that these instrument makers had an important part to play in the earliest development of the string galvanometer on its way to becoming an electrocardiograph. The first impression that the string galvanometer made on instrument makers appears to have been an important guiding factor in the direction taken by the technological development of the apparatus. Secondary considerations such as financial and legal matters were decisive in whether or not the instrument was actually made.     

The Annales de l’Industrie (1820–1827): A Technological Laboratory for the Industrial Modernization of France

In France, during the Restoration, various attempts at industrial modernization were made. One of these consisted in the circulation of technical ideas through industrial exhibitions and the technical press, the latter channel being represented by treatises, manuals, dictionaries and technological journals. One of the first of these journals was the Annales de l’industrie. This paper considers two aspects. First, the institutional environment: the French tradition of technological writing, the national industrial exhibitions, the legacy of the école centrale experiment, and the influence of the Parisian Royal Academic Society of Sciences. Second, an analysis of the contents of the journal is the occasion for a discussion of technological progress on the level of the traditional arts and crafts, the dominant mode of industrial production during the 1820s. Other themes discussed are the avoidance of scientific terminology, official innovation policy, Great Britain as the model to be emulated, and the tension between apprenticeship and modern technical education.     

Shoreline Change and Coastal Vulnerability Characterization with Landsat Imagery: A Case Study in the Outer Hebrides,Scotland

Abstract

Observation of cause–effect patterns of change in coastal environments provides insights into vulnerable areas and supports prediction and adaptation to flooding and erosion. Historic and periodic (6–8 year intervals) imagery from the Landsat archive is used to investigate transformations in the Atlantic coast of two Scottish islands over the period 1989–2011. Supervised classification of spectrally normalized images followed by change detection and spatial analysis reveals the patterns of change and the location of the most dynamic coastal areas. Quantitative measures of recent shifts and movement rates of relevant coastal lines, such as the lower limit of land-based vegetation, are assessed with the Digital Shoreline Analysis System. While very low rates are indicated for horizontal changes in the position of the lower limit of land-based vegetation (0.3?m?y^?1), specific areas have been subjected to high rates of coastal progradation as well as erosion (e.g. 2.5?m?y^?1 at Stilligarry). Information derived from satellite data supports the characterization of geomorphologically dynamic coasts at regional scales. With a rich and open access archive of imagery, a commitment to continuity, and compatibility with the Earth observation missions of other space programs, the Landsat mission offers useful and otherwise unavailable data for monitoring of coastal areas.     

Load Discontinuity in Step-by-step Integration

In this article, both analytical and numerical studies show that a load discontinuity will lead to an amplitude distortion in performing the step-by-step integration. It is also found that the relative amplitude error caused by load discontinuity is closely related to, but not proportional to, the value of the load discontinuity. In general, this amplitude distortion can be reduced if a very small time step is used for a whole step-by-step integration procedure. Hence, a lot of computational efforts will be involved. In order to reduce these computational efforts a remedy is proposed herein. The remedy is proposed to perform a very small single time step immediately after the load discontinuity to reduce amplitude distortion. Since only a very small time step is performed in the step-by-step integration, many computational efforts can be saved. The feasibility of this remedy is analytically proved and numerically confirmed.     

Development of Neural Network Based Hysteretic Models for Steel Beam-Column Connections Through Self-Learning Simulation

Beam-column connections are zones of highly complex actions and deformations interaction that often lead to failure under the effect of earthquake ground motion. Modeling of the beam-column connections is important both in understanding the behavior and in design. In this article, a framework for developing a neural network (NN) based steel beam-column connection model through structural testing is proposed. Neural network based inelastic hysteretic model for beam-column connections is combined with a new component based model under self-learning simulation framework. Self-learning simulation has the unique advantage in that it can use structural response to extract material models. Self-learning simulation is based on auto-progressive algorithm that employs the principles of equilibrium and compatibility, and the self-organizing nature of artificial neural network material models. The component based model is an assemblage of rigid body elements and spring elements which represent smeared constitutive behaviors of components; either nonlinear elastic or nonlinear inelastic behavior of components. The component based model is verified by a 3-D finite element analysis. The proposed methodology is illustrated through a self-learning simulation for a welded steel beam-column connection. In addition to presenting the first application of self-learning simulation to steel beam-column connections, a framework is outlined for applying the proposed methodology to other types of connections.     

Distribution of Lateral Forces in Base-Isolated Buildings Considering Isolation System Nonlinearity

The ASCE 7 equivalent lateral force method for base-isolated buildings applies a triangular distribution of forces to the superstructure. This distribution attempts to approximately account for the observed effects of isolation system nonlinearity on the superstructure response, but a more rational approximation is needed. Using nonlinear regression analysis of median response data from nonlinear response history analysis of representative systems, improved equations are developed to estimate the lateral force distribution in the superstructure. The ASCE 7 distribution, a revision considered by a SEAONC committee, and the improved distribution developed here are evaluated. Only the improved equations are accurate over many system parameters.     

Effect of Nonlinear Seismic Torsion on the Performance of Skewed Bridge Piers

This article presents an analytical investigation on the effect of seismic torsion on the performance of a skewed bridge. A nonlinear torsional hysteretic model developed by the authors is applied to idealize the torsional behavior of bridge piers. Deterioration of the torsional strength of piers due to combined flexure is considered and deterioration of flexural strength due to torsion is not taken into account. The effects of pounding between deck and abutments, cable restrainers, and damage of bearing supports are also included in analysis. It is found that the eccentric impact force due to lock of bearing movement results in extensive torsion in piers.