论以人为本与党群关系建设

“以人为本”是科学发展观的核心,它不仅体现了党的群众观的基本要求,而且也为新时期新阶段的党群关系建设奠定了坚实的理论基础。党在执政备件下,落实“以人为本”的要求必须始终坚持执政为民,切实代表好最广大人民群众的根本利益。     

The excavation of hayonim terrace: an examination of terminal pleistocene climatic and adaptive changes

The investigation of the epipalaeolithic site of Hayonim Terrace contributes new evidence relative to our understanding of the series of adaptive changes which took place among populations of Palestine during the terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene. The study defines a cultural continuity between the Geometric Kebaran A and Natufian archaeological complexes against a changing environmental background. A succession of environmental oscillations which occurred between c. 12,500 and 10,000 BP is identified and discussed in regard to changes in epipalaeolithic economic and adaptive patterns. An episode of climatic amelioration (c. 12,000-11,000 BP) apparently contributed to the expansion of cereals into the Mediterranean hill zone and the abandonment of palaeolithic hunting and gathering strategy by Natufian cereal collectors. Subsequent environmental deterioration associated with the onset of drier conditions (c. 11,000 BP) prompted Natufian populations to attempt to maintain their habitable territory artificially, through the cultivation of cereals.     

Human impact and landscape utilization from the Mesolithic to medieval time traced by high spatial resolution pollen analysis and numerical methods

Pollen analysis in relation to archaeological excavations has been carried out by the coast of central Norway to investigate for the first time long-term human impact on the vegetation in this region. A total of 297 samples from eleven archaeological sites and connected bogs/peat profiles reveal the vegetation development from the Mesolithic until today. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to identify and elucidate the development through time and space, and the results of pollen diagrams from bogs are compared to the results of on-site pollen data. Human impact has transformed the vegetation to a varying degree in different time periods. A dense population connected to the shoreline is slightly visible as opening-up of the forest in the Mesolithic, whereas re-use of Mesolithic settlement sites for cultivation and grazing in the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age (from c. 2300 cal BC) is clearly documented by palaeobotany but weakly recorded in the archaeological record. Areas for settlement and cultivation are found from the Late Bronze and Iron Ages and pollen analysis contributes to a detailed picture of utilization of the landscape. The investigation shows the potential of combining archaeological and botanical data and analysing several small pollen sequences within an excavation area to reveal spatial patterns in vegetation development and human impact through time.     

曾国藩厚饷养兵得失研究

“湘军,历史上一奇迹也。”太平天国起义后,曾国藩奉命在湖南原籍帮办团练,旋即组建并统帅湘军参与镇压太平军和捻军。当时的八旗军、绿营的战斗力相当弱,无力抵抗太平军的强大攻势,与之相比,由曾国藩组建的湘军却在镇压太平军的战斗中节节胜利,为巩固清王朝的统治起到了重大的作用。曾国藩实行的厚饷养军制度,使士兵安心服役;以“养将士之廉”为名,给予更优厚的待遇;同时不断保举有军功的将弁,广赐翎顶,以官禄为诱饵驱使官兵效命疆场,是鼓舞士气的有效措施。当时的湘军在军制等各方面都有值得我们借鉴和批判的地方。     

Colonial ethnology and political rationality in french west Africa

This article explores the circular and mutually reinforcing relationship between professional anthropology and new technologies of administration that emerged after the First World War in French West Africa. Local administrators wrote fieldwork monographs that were formative for metropolitan science, while new native policies concerned with protecting yet improving indigenous social institutions incorporated the methods and insights of professional ethnologists. Together they created a shared field of colonial ethnology, a scientific‐administrative complex through which practical science and scientific administration constituted one another, whether deliberately or despite actors' self‐understanding. The goal is neither to dismiss anthropology as tainted by colonial history nor to accuse individual anthropologists of supporting colonial violence. Instead, this article analyzes how ethnologists' (contradictory) characterizations of African social relations and (contradictory) native policies were intrinsically related to, and did not simply influence, one another. These administrative and scientific imperatives constituted colonial humanism, a doubled and contradictory political rationality, even as they were its products. The French administration thus produced terms and data taken up by French ethnology that then shaped policies, which fueled administrative ethnographies that generated metropolitan scholarship and vice versa.     

3D model of the Can Sadurní cave

Graphic and metric information about the site and its environment and about the different structures and artefacts located are indispensable for the optimal management of an archaeological excavation. A Geographic Information System (GIS) proves useful in managing and analysing information and data obtained from different sources. Two techniques of data capture, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and close range photogrammetry, are used to generate accurate and high-resolution 3D models of a cave, the silos and a combustion structure at the Can Sadurní site (Begues, NE Spain). This site is especially noteworthy on account of its complete stratigraphy of the Catalonian Holocene. The capture and processing of the photogrammetric and TLS data used to generate 3D models are discussed in detail. These models cannot be obtained by classic archaeological techniques since the record is made layer by layer, approximately one decimetre apart, with the result that the information between the layers is lost. Our findings highlight the potential of these techniques for obtaining accurate and photorealistic models that facilitate a complete analysis of the available information at an archaeological site.     

The art of science at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory: The rhetoric of aesthetics and humanism in the national laboratory system in the late 1960s

This paper examines how rhetoric shaped the early history of the National Accelerator Laboratory. In a situation defined by a contentious site search and shrinking budgets for research, Robert Wilson crafted an institutional identity for the NAL that emphasized both aesthetic and scientific experience. The paper addresses the circumstances of the laboratory's founding, the "audiences" important to its success, and the ways in which the physical environment and management structure--framed by Wilson's vision of a scientific utopia--reorganized existing perceptions of physics within a humanistic framework intended to distinguish the NAL from its predecessors in the National Laboratory system.     

The Annales de l’Industrie (1820–1827): A Technological Laboratory for the Industrial Modernization of France

In France, during the Restoration, various attempts at industrial modernization were made. One of these consisted in the circulation of technical ideas through industrial exhibitions and the technical press, the latter channel being represented by treatises, manuals, dictionaries and technological journals. One of the first of these journals was the Annales de l’industrie. This paper considers two aspects. First, the institutional environment: the French tradition of technological writing, the national industrial exhibitions, the legacy of the école centrale experiment, and the influence of the Parisian Royal Academic Society of Sciences. Second, an analysis of the contents of the journal is the occasion for a discussion of technological progress on the level of the traditional arts and crafts, the dominant mode of industrial production during the 1820s. Other themes discussed are the avoidance of scientific terminology, official innovation policy, Great Britain as the model to be emulated, and the tension between apprenticeship and modern technical education.     

Willem Einthoven and the Development of the String Galvanometer. How an Instrument Escaped the Laboratory

In 1901 the Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven invented the string galvanometer. It was an instrument capable of recording weak electrical pulses in the human body. He used it to investigate the human heartbeat and in 1924 was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine or physiology for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram. Soon after his first publication he contacted a number of Dutch and international instrument makers with a view to persuading them to produce his apparatus. The correspondence between Einthoven and these instrument makers gives us an insight into the process from prototype through to sellable instrument. It also reveals that these instrument makers had an important part to play in the earliest development of the string galvanometer on its way to becoming an electrocardiograph. The first impression that the string galvanometer made on instrument makers appears to have been an important guiding factor in the direction taken by the technological development of the apparatus. Secondary considerations such as financial and legal matters were decisive in whether or not the instrument was actually made.     

古代折扇的还原修复——以“文俶”“永瑢”扇为例

针对明代"文俶"及清代"永瑢"折扇画面上的虫蛀、残缺、脱色、掉粉,扇骨残损、断裂等病害,借助电镜纸纤维分析等科学手段,对补纸材料的选择、金笺的固色、扇面原折印褶皱处虫蛀洞的补缺等进行了全面分析,制定了扇面清洗、揭离、补缺、全色、接笔的修复方法。同时,在扇骨的修复实践中,探寻与运用"贴肉""续筋""榫卯接骨"等古法,还原修复了扇骨断裂与缺损前的原貌,最大程度地保留了古人在折扇上的审美与实用价值,探讨与实践了传统工艺与现代科技相结合、还原修复古代折扇的一种新的理念与方法。