The Strength Reduction Factors for Seismic-Isolated Bridges Characterized by SDOF Bilinear Systems in Far-Fault Areas

This article presents a statistical study on strength reduction factors for seismic-isolated bridges in far-fault areas. 1410 ground motions are selected and modified to be compatible with the recommended response spectra. Then, they are divided into 60 groups to investigate the effects of PGA/PGV ratios, soil conditions and post-to-pre-yield stiffness ratio. Results show that reduction factors are significantly affected by the PGA/PGV ratio, while the latter two items are not as important as the first one. Finally, an improved equation to estimate the reduction factor is proposed, and the accuracy of the equation is verified by additional records.     

Material Modeling in the Dynamic Nonlinear Analysis for Recycled Aggregate Concrete Structures

Dynamic mechanical tests of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) test units confined by transverse hoop reinforcement are carried out. The effects of the strain rate, hoop reinforcement confinement, and replacement ratio of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) on the mechanical properties of confined recycled aggregate concrete (CRAC) are thoroughly analyzed and assessed. The strain-rate-dependent constitutive model of CRAC is proposed for the high strain rate representative of seismic conditions. A three-dimensional discrete numerical model, based on the proposed rate-dependent material model of CRAC, is established to investigate and evaluate the dynamic nonlinear behaviors of RAC structures.     

A Review of Volume 5 of the Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics,Parts III and IV

This paper reviews parts III and IV of the recent Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics. Many of the surveys within the Handbook relate to two phenomena of interest: the recent boom and bust cycle in U.S. housing markets, and the striking growth of home prices in a few global “Superstar Cities.” Real Estate and Urban economists have made progress in modeling these phenomena. There is considerable room for future research, however. There is no coherent story explaining U.S. home price movements in the 2000s that does not run afoul of important stylized facts. We also have not yet identified the relative importance of supply constraints and demand growth in the rise of Superstar City prices.     

Petrology and Geochemistry of Late Intermediate Period Ceramics,Southern Peru

Multiple petrological and geochemical analytical techniques revealed significant similarities in element and mineral distribution between the 47 ceramic samples from Chillo (southern coast, Peru), a Late Intermediate Period (ad 1000–1400) archaeological site. The similarity indicates a common raw material source. The analytical results of Holocene fluvial sediment samples, Cretaceous clay layers and fired and non‐fired bricks, only eliminated the Cretaceous clay layers as a potential source material. Applying Raman spectroscopy, the red and violet colour of the slip is due to hematite, the yellow colour to a mixture of hematite, graphite and gypsum, and the black colour is either graphite or jacobsite.     

Stone Tool Forms and Functions: A Morphometric Analysis of Modern Humans' Stone Tools From Song Terus Cave (Java,Indonesia)

Stone industries from the beginning of the Holocene of South‐East Asia are difficult to characterize typo‐technologically. We apply modern morphometrics to informal pieces to complement usewear analysis and gain a better understanding of the relation between forms and functions. Both the log shape ratio (LSR) based on linear measurements and elliptical Fourier analysis (EFA) based on 2D outlines are used to analyse a sample of 2372 stone artefacts from Song Terus cave (Java, Indonesia). The results show that no specific form corresponds to a specific function or vice versa. Nevertheless, among used artefacts, EFA highlighted several shape tendencies.     

论科学发展观与农村全面小康建设

科学发展观的核心在于系统、全面、协调推进我国现代化进程和全面实现小康目标,而全面建设小康社会的关键在农村.因此,牢固树立和全面落实科学发展观,进一步深化农村改革,完善中国特色社会主义农村市场经济体制,实现农村全面建设小康社会目标,具有重大而深远的历史意义.     

深入学习十六届四中全会《决定》应该研究的几个问题

本认为,深入学习和把握《中共中央关于加强党的执政能力建设的决定》的精神实质,应进一步加强对有关问题的分析和研究：一是对《决定》的重大理论和实践意义要有充分地认识;二是对党的执政能力和执政能力建设理论的科学内涵要有一个全面、准确地把握;三是时《决定》将会带来一系列影响深远的重大变化和对我国未来走向的影响要加以关注和研究。《决定》以与时俱进、勇于创新的理论品格和诸多科学、富于新意的制度构想,引人关注,其贯彻和落实,必将给中国带来一系列影响深远的重大变化。     

西夏陵瓷质和琉璃建筑构件的工艺特点研究

琉璃建筑构件在中国历史悠久,起源于北魏,唐宋时期已在高等级建筑上大量使用,鼎盛于元明清时期。西夏作为少数民族政权,同宋辽金并立,处于琉璃瓦技术发展的重要过渡阶段。西夏陵遗址是西夏时期官式建筑的典型代表,位于宁夏回族自治区银川市西郊贺兰山东麓,经考古调查与发掘,出土了大批文物,包括大量建筑构件,以白瓷板瓦与各种类型的绿釉琉璃建筑构件为主,即为官式建筑的典型代表。 当前对西夏陵的考古工作及出土文物的研究,已取得了许多重要的成果,但对西夏的瓷质和琉璃建筑构件,主要是通过考古类型学与历史文献对其社会功能等加以考释,对工艺研究甚少,同时相关的技术特点与来源也是一个亟待解决的问题。为研究西夏时期官式建筑材料的工艺特点,选取该遗址出土的白瓷板瓦、绿釉琉璃瓦30件,采用X射线荧光分析仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜对其进行成分分析、物相分析及显微观察。结果表明,白瓷板瓦胎体Al₂O₃含量较高,存在莫来石,釉料配方属于钙碱釉,工艺精细,与同时期灵武窑白瓷接近,应采用白瓷技术制作;绿釉琉璃瓦胎体CaO与Fe₂O₃含量较高,属于北方普通高钙易熔黏土,釉料为铜作着色剂的铅釉,与宋代绿釉琉璃瓦成分相近,符合传统的低温铅绿釉体系,可能是借鉴中原技术完成的。两种材质的瓦件都是西夏时期高等级建筑构件,官式建材的典型代表,是同时存在的,展现出西夏时期在官式建材生产技术上的多元性。但这两种技术差别较大,来源不同,反映出西夏在官式建材生产中兼容并包,在学习中原传统的同时又能紧密结合佛教文化,极具党项族的民族特色。更重要的是,西夏时期的建筑体系已趋于复杂化,可能会根据建筑不同部位、性质、等级与功能来使用不同的琉璃瓦构件,这对建筑琉璃体系的丰富与发展是极大的贡献。 本工作利用科技考古分析,探究西夏时期官式建筑构件的工艺特点,讨论制作技术反映出的建筑思想伦理;进一步丰富西夏瓷质和琉璃建筑构件的研究,与宋辽金时期建筑琉璃形成对比,补充了中国古代建筑琉璃技术的研究;同时加深了对西夏官式建筑的认识,也促进了对西夏与中原地区文化融合互鉴的理解。     

Seismic Hazard Analysis Using Discrete Faults in Northwestern Pakistan: Part I – Methodology and Evaluation

This article is the first of two companion articles that evaluate the seismic hazard in northwestern Pakistan. The area, located at the western edge of the Himalayas, has numerous active faults including the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and Main Mantle Thrust (MMT). This article describes the methodology used to perform regional deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard analyses. Here, seismic sources were defined from 32 identified faults while prior studies have been based on diffuse seismicity and areal source zones. Fault parameters were selected using available data and empirical correlations for faults elsewhere. Recurrence relations were constructed for all discrete faults based on both historical and instrumented seismicity in addition to geologic evidence. Due to lack of region specific attenuation relationships, four plate boundary attenuation relations from the Next Generation Attenuation of Ground Motions Project [Abrahamson et al., 2008 Abrahamson, N., Atkinson, G., Boore, D., Bozorgnia, Y., Campbell, K., Chiou, B., Idriss, I. M., Silva, W. and Youngs, R. 2008. Comparisons of the NGA ground-motion relations. Earthquake Spectra, 24(1): 45–66. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]] were employed to predict ground motions. Predicted ground motion parameters are compared to measurements from the recent 2005 Kashmir earthquake. In the companion article, the methodology developed and evaluated here is used to conduct deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard analyses for the entire study region.     

东晋墓葬制度的考古学分析

东晋墓葬等级制度仅限于高级官员,中下级官员至庶民墓葬等级差异不明显。东晋家族内部墓葬等级差异也不明显,但各家族墓葬的形制和规格似有一定规则,而与家族地位之高低不甚关联。东晋帝王陵墓家族墓葬化,乃当时现实政治之曲折反映。东晋墓葬制度状况与东晋门阀世族社会的现实等级差异不甚相符,此认识对东晋历史研究有一定价值。