Les parties étiologiques de l'Ardvīsūr Bānūg Yašt et les noms de la grande déesse iranienne

In this paper, we show that the Yats wehave are not authentic in so far as that theyare the fruit of the arbitrary mixture of thethree kinds of the original Yats: theliturgical one, the legal one and theetiological one. In a lot of our Yats, moreweight is given to the liturgical version (withyazamaide), but, in the bnYat, the legal one (with yazaa)plays the main role. By considering alltogether the etiological fragments thebn Yat contains, it is possible toenlarge upon what we knew already of what mayhave constituted the etiological myth of thesacrifice offered to a deity.Incidentally, all the different names thegreat Iranian goddess receives, ap-, areduu-,sr- and anhit-, are explained: `water, soft,opulent, unaffected'.     

张之洞在中国通商银行创办过程中的言论述评

在中国通商银行创办的过程中,张之洞和盛宣怀在一系列问题上发生了矛盾和冲突。张之洞主张先办铁路后办银行,不愿意保举盛宣怀创办并督理银行,迟迟才同意对御史管廷献的奏折列名复奏,并对中国通商银行提出了一些限制条件。其思想动机,本质上是利益之争,是为了防止盛宣怀由控制中国通商银行进而控制芦汉铁路。张之洞和盛宣怀之间的派系矛盾、张之洞重“官”轻“商”的“官本位”思想及其现代银行意识的淡薄等因素也都影响到他对盛宣怀创办中国通商银行的态度。     

《出师颂》的时代和价值

《出师颂》作为无款作品,不存在真伪之辨,主要是定时代、判定前人诸说之是与非的问题。依据后纸米友仁题跋,本幅唐、宋诸鉴藏印和书法的时代风格,将《出师颂》定为隋人书是可信的。其艺术价值,从前人推测为西晋索靖书,或南朝梁萧子云写,或称“隋贤书”,以及历代著录的赞语评价,可证必出自名家之手。作为流传千余年的隋代名家墨迹,两度出入皇宫的内府遗物,故宫博物院有责任将其征购返宫。     

German colonial plans for Africa in the Nazi era

The German colonial plans concerning Africa in the era of National Socialism ascribed a central role the sciences. Scientists of all possible fields launched into activities. Especially subjects which were directly related to the practice of colonial policies, e.g. African languages, ethnology, law, economic sciences, and medicine, were developed. There were colonial ambitions at nearly every German university, but there was one which designated to become the centre of colonial sciences: the university of Hamburg. It has to be realized that working in this field of studies protected scientists from being drafted by the army for a long time.     

Christ as a pharmacist,according to Martin Luther

This condition has been stimulated by the latest study written by Fitz Krafft concerning the motif "Jesus Christ as a pharmacist", which was frequently used in Christian art. It is shown that this motif, fully developed in the first third of the 17th century, originated in the theology of Martin Luther.     

探索符合古代小说实际的校勘之路——孙楷第古代小说校勘方法浅探

本文以新近出版的《小说旁证》为范例,对孙楷第先生校勘古代小说的成就和方法进行总结,指出他既继承了古籍校勘的一般原则和规范,又根据古代小说的具体情况加以灵活变通和创新,态度审慎,方式得当,探索出一套符合古代小说实际、卓为有效的校勘方法,对古代小说的校勘整理具有典范意义。     

An East–West confrontation in the North-China Herald during the Nationalist Revolution: a case study of Shao Futang’s letters to the editor

ABSTRACT

In the Republican period, Shao Futang, secretary to the general manager of the International Dispensary of Shanghai (Wuzhou yaofang), wrote numerous letters to the editor that were published under the initials F. D. Z. in the English-language newspapers of Shanghai, such as the North-China Herald and the China Press. He wrote frequently to these newspapers out of dissatisfaction with the total indifference shown by Chinese residents of the Shanghai International Settlement to what foreigners said about China in these newspapers. The North-China Herald and other newspapers also had Chinese readers and thus needed to hear from those like Shao who could represent the voice of the Chinese people. When anti-imperialism and abrogation of unequal treaties were first proposed in 1924, Shao for the first time voiced his opinion in these newspapers. He defended Chinese patriotism by pointing out that it was not “anti-foreignism.” When the Nationalist Revolution broke out in 1926, an increasingly strong sense of nationalism emerged in the published letters he wrote. He denounced Western readers’ disparagement of the Nationalist Revolution, expressed the desire of the Chinese people for the abrogation of the unequal treaties, and appealed to the Municipal Council of the Shanghai International Settlement to make necessary changes and give political rights to the Chinese people.     

Verzeitlichungs- und Historisierungstendenzen in der frühen Geologie und Paläontologie

Steno described in 1669 geological sections which were interpreted as the result of a series of earlier events. Steno used actuogeological methods. This was the first step towards temporalizing nature. Steno was succeeded by a lot of other researchers from different European countries. It is amazing to see, that “actualism” was widespread during the 18th century. The next step was the discovery that fossils are extinct beings (Ray, Hooke and others). Using methods of comparing anatomy W. Hunter (forerunner of Cuvier) could prove in 1769 that the Mastodon is an extinct vertebrate. The work of Soulavie in France (1780) is stressed. He held in his hand the key for solving the problem of index-fossils. About 1800 the importance of fossils for stratigraphy and describing a history of the earth was recognized. Theories and hypotheses were needed to explain the fossil documents (strange shells in older strata and higher developed mammals in younger strata). All these theories couldn't propose a feasible mechanism for the change of beings during the history of the earth. But it could be said, that all fossils proove a history of life and the earth i. e. a progressive development in one sense, a development which is not reversible.