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71.
Sulphur isotope measurements of bone collagen from archaeological sites are beginning to be applied more often, yet there
are no clear criteria to assess the quality of the collagen and therefore the validity of the sulphur isotope values. We provide
elemental data from different methods (DNA sequences, amino acid sequences and mass spectrometric measurements) which are
used to establish a reliable system of quality criteria for sulphur isotope analyses of bone collagen. The difference in the
amount of sulphur from fish and mammalian collagen type I led to the suggestion to use different criteria to assess the in
vivo character of the collagen between these two categories. For establishing quality ranges, the bone collagen of 140 modern
animals were analysed. The amount of sulphur in fish and mammalian bone collagen is 0.63 ± 0.08% and 0.28 ± 0.07%, respectively.
Based on these results we define for mammalian bone collagen an atomic C:S ratio of 600 ± 300 and an atomic N:S ratio of 200 ± 100,
and for fish bone an atomic C:S ratio of 175 ± 50 and an atomic N:S ratio of 60 ± 20. These quality criteria were then applied
to 305 specimens from different archaeological contexts. 相似文献
72.
《Mediterranean Historical Review》2012,27(2):171-186
Goitein's A Mediterranean Society is widely praised but often misread. It is regarded as a monumental accomplishment of compilation and organization, but a book that is only a compendium of details without an argument. This article shows that it is instead a collection of brilliant syntheses and hypotheses, and that the absence of an over-arching thesis reflects not a lack of interest or thought, but tensions in the author's arguments and counter-arguments, particularly about the nature of Jewish-Muslim interaction. The article closes with suggestions for how to read or re-read the work to appreciate both richness and contradiction. 相似文献
73.
74.
Robert B. Eckhardt 《History of European Ideas》2013,39(2):227-228
This article explores the critical history and reception of Charles Churchill, the mid-eighteenth century satirist, looking in particular at his skepticism towards all authority as a questioning of traditional ideas of `enlightenment', and at the reasons for the meteoric but short-lived nature of his poetic success. 相似文献
75.
Veli-Pekka Lehtola 《Acta Borealia: A Nordic Journal of Circumpolar Societies》2013,30(2):153-169
Abstract Pacifist, land surveyor, friend of the Sámi people, scholar studying Sámi culture, Karl Nickul's (1900–1980) life work proves that the work of a public servant and researcher can be merged into a strong ethical stand to influence society. Nickul, an early initiator of Finland's peace movement, was by training and profession a land surveyor, who worked for the Finnish government making maps of Lapland and Petsamo in northern Finland in the 1920s and 1930s. Becoming acquainted with the Skolt Sámi, he began to study them and to take part in the official discussions about their status. With a project to preserve Skolt culture Nickul's paramount idea of Sámi governance began to grow. He actively pursued this idea after World War II through his activities in Sámi politics in Finland and in Sámi cooperative efforts in the Nordic countries. The dominant idea was that the Sámi culture was to be protected from outside pressures of settlement, and that the Sámi themselves should be allowed to determine their own identity and their own needs. The paper discusses and analyses Karl Nickul's personal development and involvement in various projects and activities to secure Sámi rights. 相似文献
76.
Abstract The article gives an analysis of the demographic material for North Sámi in Norway during the last 150 years, and compares it to key tendencies in some of the Uralic languages of the Soviet Union. The present linguistic landscape can be predicted with great accuracy from Friis’ survey of 1860. At that time, bilingualism among the Norwegians was widespread in parishes with predominantly Sámi or Finnish (Kven) population. During the assimilation process, the preservation of Sámi was not due to the size of the Sámi population, but rather to its relative size. Today's Sámi communities are the ones with the least Norwegians one and a half centuries ago. A key factor in the language shift process has been mixed marriages. The Soviet data show a greater degree of language preservation, especially for the Nenets and Mari. The difference is partly a result of the Soviet language policy, but also to the degree of contact between the minority and majority populations. 相似文献
77.
Lukas Allemann 《Acta Borealia: A Nordic Journal of Circumpolar Societies》2013,30(2):115-142
ABSTRACTThis inquiry into the history of boarding schools for indigenous and quasi-indigenous, tundra-connected children in the Soviet part of Lapland tries to answer why children were sent to a boarding school despite their parents living in the same village, and also why an additional school for mentally disabled children, a school half as big as the boarding school for “regular” children, was opened. Data from oral history interviews among former pupils and teachers, both indigenous and incomers, are combined with archival materials. Using the concepts of cynical knowledge as well as the Bourdieuan notions of social exclusion and reproduction, concealed functions of the boarding school system are identified, among which are the attenuation of housing shortage and the operation of the school out of economic interests, alongside with ethnocentric and paternalist patterns. The stigmatization of mostly Sámi children from relocated families as mentally disabled is set in a frame of individualization of the negative, which sought to present failures of the state’s social engineering as personal fallibility. 相似文献
78.
H. Isler 《Journal of the history of the neurosciences》2013,22(4):341-345
William S. Halsted was the founding chief of surgery at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Among his basic principles were (1) the use of the experimental laboratory to solve intraoperative surgical problems, (2) gentle handling of all tissues, and (3) full-time surgical subspecialization. Halsted trained Harvey Cushing, who used Halsted's principles to reinvent neurosurgery to make it successful by lowering mortality and morbidity rates. 相似文献
79.
Alan Atkinson 《国际历史评论》2013,35(1):65-75
In this article, ‘Development’ and developmentist ideas, two increasingly fashionable areas of historical inquiry, are explored in the context of relations between the United States and Brazil through the middle decades of the twentieth century, with three arguments made along the way. First, and in contrast to much academic and extra-academic received wisdom (as well as the official pronouncements of US diplomats), the United States government offered no singular or consistent approach to ‘development’ in its dealings with Brazil. Second, an unofficial vision of development (here termed ‘market developmentalism’) that has so far eluded the attention of historians of developmentalist ideas emerged earlier than the official developmentalisms that have been the main object of historiographic interest to date. Third, this unofficial, largely private, consumption-oriented developmentalism is shown to have enjoyed an outsized influence in Brazil, dwarfing the influence enjoyed by those inconsistent varieties of developmentalism espoused by US diplomats between the 1940s and the 1960s. 相似文献
80.
Stine Barlindhaug Jon Corbett 《Acta Borealia: A Nordic Journal of Circumpolar Societies》2014,31(1):1-24
Many indigenous communities are at a crossroads as regards lived experience of traditional livelihoods and members with intimate knowledge of their traditional landscapes. Using case studies from two indigenous communities, this article explores the application of both GIS tools and other geographic multimedia in community-based research projects that document landscape-related knowledge. The study involves a First Nation community in British Columbia, Canada and a Sámi community in Finnmark County, Norway. We discuss how land-use traditions and related knowledge constitute a peoples' identity and explore digital means of transferring this knowledge to support the ongoing transfer of indigenous knowledge between geographically dispersed community members, as well as future generations. 相似文献