中国乡村地理学研究的重新定向

本文首先分析了乡村地理学及其相邻学科(乡村经济学、乡村社会学)对乡村研究的基本内容,认为三者各有侧重,乡村地理学重点从地域空间的角度分析乡村的各种问题,乡村经济学主要关注乡村经济系统的组织与发展规律,乡村社会学则把重点放在乡村社会变迁上,但共同交叉之处甚多。乡村问题带有地域性、综合性特点,在当今城市化的背景下,乡村地域的功能在发生变化,乡村产业结构、社会结构均经历着由传统向现代的全面转型,当前我国乡村地理学需要重新定向,笔者建议以乡村社会经济变迁的研究为主线,加强经济、社会、地理的综合研究,探讨空间结构模式及其规律性,指导乡村发展的实践。     

农村居民闲暇生活特征研究——以湖南省为例

2001年4月至8月抽取湖南省浏阳市、华容县、新宁县、凤凰县和资兴市等五个代表样地的农村居民共1300人(户),对农村居民的闲暇生活和旅游活动进行了详细调查。结果表明,湖南省农村居民闲暇在时间和空间分布上存在一定的规律,闲暇生活也表现出较为显著的特征,总体上休闲方式多样,但闲暇质量不高而且单一,并受经济和区位的影响。旅游活动已渐入农村,并将成为农村居民闲暇的重要组成。     

内蒙古科左中旗哈民忙哈新石器时代遗址2010年发掘简报

2010年5~9月,内蒙古文物考古研究所对哈民忙哈遗址进行了抢救性发掘,揭露面积1300平方米,共清理房址14座、灰坑28座、墓葬3座,出土陶器、石器、骨器、角器、蚌器等遗物350余件。该遗址文化内涵单纯,遗迹及遗物较丰富,文化特征明显,属于一种新的考古学文化遗存。     

Planning urban growth in Scotland: The new settlement option

The question of how and where to accommodate the increasing number of households in Scotland represents a major challenge for policy makers and planners at the beginning of the 21st century. The present research ascertains the projected level and geographical incidence of household growth and housing demand in Scotland, identifies the principal alternative options for urban development and, with reference to a case study of urban growth in the Stirling region, assesses the potential contribution of a new settlement strategy to meet the challenge of urban development in contemporary Scotland.     

‘Too little,too late’? Science,policy and Dutch Elm Disease in the UK

The Dutch Elm Disease outbreak of the late 1960s and early 1970s was arguably one of the most dramatic environmental events to affect the British countryside in the last fifty years. The demise of over 28 million elms destroyed the much celebrated, and publicly valued, ‘elmscapes’ of lowland England and brought about extensive habitat loss. During the middle and later phases of the epidemic, the policy response from the UK Forestry Commission, Ministry of Agriculture and local government came to be seen as ‘too little, too late’. Yet forty years after the outbreak it is still unclear whether the epidemic could have been better managed and how far any lessons can be drawn for the way present day disease risks to trees should be tackled. Drawing on the extensively documented (but hitherto unexplored) public record of the outbreak held at Forest Research and the National Archives, together with materials from retrospective interviews conducted by the authors with scientists and policymakers closely involved in the epidemic at the time, this paper presents a fresh analysis of Dutch Elm Disease in the UK. The paper seeks to explain the catastrophic outcome of the outbreak, not only in terms of the underlying (and highly malign) pathology of the disease itself, but also because of an initially inaccurate scientific assessment of the nature of the threat constructed within a small but influential community of forest pathologists and policy officials.     

当前农村信用社改革需要注意的几个问题

我国农村信用社的改革虽然取得了一定成绩,但也存在一些不容忽视的问题。主要是:部分农村信用社采取变通方式强行达标,高指标也带来了高水分;省联社过于“强势”,实际上沿袭了原有县联社对乡镇信用社的控制模式;农村信用社法人治理工作进展迟缓,外部股东参与农村信用社决策、管理的积极性十分有限;农村信用社改革和服务“三农”并不完全一致等等。对这些问题需要警惕,否则将影响“花钱买机制”改革目标的实现。     

Symbolic versus material concerns of rural consciousness in the United States

A potential explanation for the U.S. urban-rural political divide is a definition of rural consciousness comprised of three subdimensions: a feeling that ruralites are underrepresented in decision-making (“Representation”) and that their way of life is disrespected (“Way of Life”) – both symbolic concerns – and a more materialistic concern that rural areas receive less resources (“Resources”). However, it is unclear whether these different aspects of rural consciousness predict expected political preferences nationally, or whether they uniquely explain these preferences when evaluated alongside similar symbolic concepts like rural identity and moral traditionalism. We expect symbolic concerns (especially Way of Life) to particularly predict rural support for Donald Trump, Republican partisanship, and conservative ideology. Using a novel survey measure developed and tested across three original survey data sets, we find that only the symbolic subdimensions of rural consciousness positively and significantly correlate with Trump support, while the material subdimension either negatively correlates with Trump support or is not statistically significant. A similar tendency occurs when predicting symbolic ideology, except when controlling for moral traditionalism. Rural consciousness and its subdimensions do not significantly predict partisanship. These relationships hold for all respondents and for rural-only respondents. We conclude that rural consciousness may matter politically along symbolic dimensions, rather than materialistic grievances, for recent anti-establishment political support as opposed to standard left-right measures. We recommend that survey analyses of rural consciousness should separately analyze symbolic and materialistic aspects. Future studies should further investigate traditionalism vis-a-vis rural consciousness and explore non-rural people high in rural consciousness.     

农村土地流转方式的立法选择与完善

农村土地承包经营权流转制度是土地承包经营制度的核心之一,而土地流转方式的选择对于农村土地流转而言,是至关重要的一环。从我国立法的角度来看,抵押是立法应特殊规定的流转方式,转让是应允许为单独的流转方式,而入股是立法应突破的流转方式。以此促使土地承包经营权流转的多元化和利益的最佳化、最大化,以求达到农村土地流转各方利益的平衡与协调,促进农村、农业的稳步发展与进步。     

从"集体保障"到"社会保障"--中国农村社会保障1949-2000

194 9年以来我国农村社会保障制度经历了从“以队为基础的集体保障”到“以家庭为主、国家和集体扶持救助为辅的社会保障”的历史变迁 ,大体可划分为初步建立、进一步巩固完善、异常发展、调整与恢复、改革与创新 5个阶段。但是 ,由于诸多因素的制约 ,农村社会保障仍然存在着水平低、风险大、方式旧等问题     

Rural business programs and business performance: The impact of the USDA's Business and Industry (B&I) Guaranteed Loan Program

The USDA's Rural Development (RD) has implemented several loan and grant programs to support businesses located in rural areas and the Business and Industry (B&I) Guaranteed Loan Program is the largest among them. The focus of the present study is to estimate the impact of B&I program participation and the amount of loans received on the probability of survival and employment growth of recipient businesses over the period of 1990–2013. Using administrative data on B&I loans from RD and business‐level data from the National Establishment Time‐Series (NETS), we utilize a matched difference‐in‐difference estimation strategy to assess the impact of the B&I program on establishment‐level outcomes. We find that the receipt of a B&I loan helps recipient businesses to reduce the risk of failure and grow slightly faster, compared with a similar control group of businesses. We also test if the impacts vary with the loan size and find that while increasing the size of loans has an increasing effect to reduce the risk of failure, it shows no statistically significant effect on employment growth.