试论中国跪拜礼仪的废除

跪拜礼是封建社会中尊卑贵贱等级制的重要礼仪表现形式。 1873年外国使臣以鞠躬或作揖礼觐见同治帝的事实 ,如同一个强有力的楔子 ,严重动摇了传统跪拜礼仪的权威与根基 ;西方国家礼制、礼仪书籍的传入 ,清廷出使官员对外国政治与外交礼仪的感知 ,均使国人对跪拜礼仪进行深刻的反思 ;资产阶级革命派不但对跪拜等旧礼俗进行了猛烈抨击 ,而且身体力行 ,以握手、鞠躬代替跪拜与长揖之礼。跪拜礼已深深积淀于民族意识之中 ,因此废除跪拜礼需要借助政权的力量。 1912年 ,中华民国政府以法律的形式正式废除在中国实行了数千年之久的跪拜礼。这既是辛亥革命的结果 ,同时又是国人对中西礼制长期比较、反思后的自然选择     

战国秦汉西南边疆思想的区域性特征初探

文章主要对战国秦汉时期西南边疆思想的区域性特征进行了探讨,认为西南边疆开发的战略思想、经济思想和人才思想均表现出有别于其他地区的区域特征。在战国秦汉时期边疆开拓的战略思想和整体布局中,西南边疆虽然处于从属地位,开发实践中表现出一定的应急性和随意性,但开发成就显著,这与西南边疆开发策略思想的正确和实施的有效性有密切关系。北南向协济的区域经济思想和以西南本土籍巴蜀人治理西南边疆的人才思想指导下所确定的开发方略和治边措施,就是充分依托战国以来200余年西南北部巴蜀的开发成就和资源,进行西南南部边疆的开发和治理。     

史料、方法、理论——谈马新中文源流“华人研究”主体的建立

从史学的视角为切入点,通过史料、方法、理论三个层面对马新中文源流“华人学”主体性建构可能性的探讨,得出结论,由于在研究方法和理论上的严重不足和匮乏,马新“华人学”的未来,只有在史料的发掘和解读的基础上,方能进一步发展自身的方法和理论。     

论“世界客属恳亲大会”与中国客家侨乡

世界客属恳亲大会在中国内地的五次召开,加强了海内外客家人对族群身份的认同和文化寻根;促进了客家文化和“客家学”学科的发展。大会活动所带动的资金的运作,并由此形成的中国客家侨乡与海外华商的经济网络,对于扩大举办地的对外开放,加速举办地经济文化的发展具有重要的历史和现实意义。     

《考工记》营国制度与中原地区古代都城布局规划的演变

<考工记>营国制度的产生,标志着中国古代都城布局规划理论体系的正式形成.以这一理论为标尺,可将中原地区古代都城布局演变划分为四个阶段.分析考察可知,<考工记>营国制度在当时的历史背景下,只是儒家描绘的一幅"理想王都"的美妙蓝图,只有在统一的封建社会盛世,才有可能将这幅蓝图变为现实.     

行省中的罗马军队:以罗马不列颠为中心

进入帝国时期以后,罗马的扩张活动基本上偃旗息鼓。相应地,元首制时期的罗马军队经历了两个重要变化。一是兵源募选日益本土化,这使军团和辅助军之间的区别日渐淡化。二是行省驻军日益定居化,这使军队作为自成一体的社会具有隔离于非军事区的趋势。由于这两个变化,军队在和平时期的非军事功能日益突出。对不列颠罗马驻军的考察表明,军队对行省的影响主要体现在：军队对城市化进程起重要的推动作用;向军队供应粮食带动了不列颠南方地区的农业发展;军队是普及罗马公民权的重要渠道。关注这些非军事功能有助于更充分地理解作为罗马帝国主义工具的军队。     

唐宋時期邕州入交三道

《宋史》记载,中国在唐代以后,曾发展出十六道通往交趾的水陆交通路线,可惜史书并无具体行经路线的说明。本文透过文献记载,考证出当时邕州进入交趾的三条主要交通路线。受到桂西山脉的环境限制,这三条道路大致沿着明江、水口河及平而河三个河谷平原前进,作者因此分别称之为:明江道、水口道与平而道。文中除对三条路线具体描述以外,也对中国与安南重要边境城市"永平砦"的形成背景、功能、存续时间及确切位置,详加考证与说明。     

Roman blue-green bottle glass: chemical–optical analysis and high temperature viscosity modelling

Chemical analysis, optical absorption spectroscopy and mathematical modelling of high temperature viscosity have been carried out on five 1st–2nd century AD Roman blue-green bottle glass fragments from Coppergate, York. Modelled viscosities indicate remarkable consistency within the sample set studied and support the suggestion that temperatures of ∼1000–1150 °C were required to remelt these glasses and to provide suitable viscosities for forming articles. Iron redox ratios (Fe²⁺/ΣFe), analysed SO₃ contents and the absence of characteristic Fe³⁺–S²⁻ amber absorption bands suggest that melting conditions for all studied glasses were mildly, rather than strongly, reducing (estimated pO₂ ≈ 10⁻¹–10⁻⁶ bar). These furnace conditions are consistent with the effects of combustion gases and carbonaceous matter contained in the raw materials.     

Pliny the Elder and Sr–Nd isotopes: tracing the provenance of raw materials for Roman glass production

In Roman and Byzantine times, natron glass was traded throughout the known world in the form of chunks. Production centers of such raw glass, active from the 4th to 8th century AD, were identified in Egypt and Syro-Palestine. However, early Roman primary glass units remain unknown from excavation or scientific analysis. The ancient author Pliny described in 70 AD that besides Egyptian and Levantine resources, also raw materials from Italy and the Gallic and Spanish provinces were used in glass making. In this study, the primary provenance of 1st–3rd century AD natron vessel glass is investigated. The use of combined Sr and Nd isotopic analysis allows the distinguishing and characterizing of different sand raw materials used for primary glass production. The isotope data obtained from the glass samples are compared to the signatures of primary glass from known production centers in the eastern Mediterranean and a number of sand samples from the regions described by Pliny the Elder as possible sources of primary glass. Eastern Mediterranean primary glass has a Nile dominated Mediterranean Nd signature (higher than −6.0 ? Nd), while glass with a primary production location in the western Mediterranean or north-western Europe should have a different Nd signature (lower than −7.0 ? Nd). Most Roman glass has a homogeneous ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr signature close to the modern sea water composition, likely caused by the (intentional) use of shell as glass raw material. In this way, strontium and neodymium isotopes now prove that Pliny's writings were correct: primary glass production was not exclusive to the Levant or Egypt in early Roman days, and factories of raw glass in the Western Roman Empire will have been at play.     

Same island, different diet: Cultural evolution of food practice on Öland, Sweden, from the Mesolithic to the Roman Period

The Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in north-west Europe has been described as rapid and uniform, entailing a swift shift from the use of marine and other wild resources to domesticated terrestrial resources. Here, we approach the when, what and how of this transition on a regional level, using empirical data from Öland, an island in the Baltic Sea off the Swedish east coast, and also monitor changes that occurred after the shift. Radiocarbon dating and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of bones and teeth from 123 human individuals, along with faunal isotope data from 27 species, applying to nine sites on Öland and covering a time span from the Mesolithic to the Roman Period, demonstrate a great diversity in food practices, mainly governed by culture and independent of climatic changes. There was a marked dietary shift during the second half of the third millennium from a mixed marine diet to the use of exclusively terrestrial resources, interpreted as marking the large-scale introduction of farming. Contrary to previous claims, this took place at the end of the Neolithic and not at the onset. Our data also show that culturally induced dietary transitions occurred continuously throughout prehistory. The availability of high-resolution data on various levels, from intra-individual to inter-population, makes stable isotope analysis a powerful tool for studying the evolution of food practices.