城市文化与我国城市文化建设的思考

城市不仅是人类社会的物质集聚中心,也是人类社会的文化活动中心。本文在全面理解城市文化的基础上,系统地阐述了城市文化与城市发展的关系,并联系当前我国城市文化建设所存在的一些不足,提出了几点切合实际的建议,以期有利于我国城市文化的进一步发展建设。     

实施区域倾斜政策逐步缩小我国地区经济发展差距

本文根据区域政策在地区经济发展和地区差距变动中的作用,提出应当对我国中西部地区实施区域倾斜政策,以实现控制地区相对差距不再扩大的第一步目标和地区绝对差距逐渐缩小的第二步目标。指出这一区域倾斜政策应当是一个兼顾效率与公平的区域政策,是一个向重点地区和重点领域倾斜的区域政策,是一个包括经济优惠、社会公平和生态补偿等方面手段的区域政策。     

The Casas Grandes Regional System: A Late Prehistoric Polity of Northwestern Mexico

Casas Grandes, or Paquimé, is located in northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico, although it is one of the pueblo-style cultures that are best known from the adjacent southwestern U.S. At its apogee (ca. A.D. 1200–1450), Casas Grandes has been characterized as the largest and most complex prehistoric community in the puebloan world. It is further famous both as the center of one of the major interaction systems of the region, as well as a link between the cultures of Mesoamerica and those of the U.S. Southwest. Despite its acknowledged status as one of late prehistoric North America's few indigenous complex societies, the Casas Grandes polity has been so little studied that most aspects of its size, structure, level of centralization, and mode of operation remain obscure. The writers' work in Chihuahua has been designed to remedy this situation. In contrast to the original and highly influential interpretation that has prevailed for the last 25 years, the work reported here argues that the Casas Grandes polity, like its Chacoan and Hohokam counterparts of the adjacent southwestern U.S., existed at an intermediate level of sociopolitical complexity, so that it was not able to exert a uniform hegemony even over its near neighbors. Envisioned instead is a less comprehensive, less centralized situation of irregular control in a politically unstable context.     

论国家创新体系的空间结构

创新是一个地区发展的内在动力。国家创新体系可分解为内部创新系统、外部创新系统、外部支撑系统等子系统,其作用在于促进知识的有序流动。本文在研究了国家创新体系的基础上,提出创新体系的空间结构应分为两个层面:虚拟空间、地理实体空间。     

论江泽民创新思想指导下的创新教育

“创新”是近年来江泽民在各种场合讲话中反复倡导与强调的论断之一 ,江泽民关于创新思想的一系列重要论述 ,反映了当代中华民族创新意识的升华。实施创新教育是我国教育界的当务之急 ,是教育界当前所面临的又一场重大改革。在江泽民创新思想指导下的创新教育 ,给中国教育带来了新的生机与生长点 ,它指出了未来中国教育的发展方向 ,是面向 2 1世纪我国教育改革与发展的必然抉择     

经济地理学视角下创新网络研究进展

借助Citespace软件，回顾相关文献，系统梳理了经济地理学领域创新网络的研究脉络、研究内容，明晰研究不足与研究方向。创新网络研究重点与研究方向：①网络空间尺度方面，已有研究关注集群内与集群间网络、城市内与城市间网络（城市群网络）、跨国公司全球网络配置等问题；未来研究应从单一尺度向多尺度网络耦合研究转变，从单一网络向多重网络融合研究转变。②网络演化及其驱动因素方面，节点演变、多维邻近性对网络演化的影响成为研究重点，未来应重视对产业和技术网络轨迹演变的研究。③网络结构及其对创新的影响方面，已有研究关注节点网络结构如何影响个体创新行为与创新结果，未来应深化整体网络结构和连接原因，以及网络组成对整体网络演化影响的研究。未来应加强对中国欠发达地区、中国后发跨国公司创新网络的实证研究，强化计量方法的应用，例如块模型、社区发现等方法。     

我国中小工业企业技术创新途径的实证研究——基于兰州中小企业的调查

本文以企业问卷和访谈相结合的方式调查了兰州中小工业企业技术改进的状况及途径。兰州几乎所有被调查企业的主要生产技术自建立以来得到了改进。当地企业的创新主要为二次创新,且二次创新主要是对次要而非核心技术的创新。技术引进是当地企业技术改进的主要途径,其中引进更先进的设备是当地最有效的技术改进途径。作者认为企业创新方式受其经济实力和相对技术差距的影响,区域应视其经济、科技发展水平等而采取不同的科技政策。     

High-Tech Centre in the Periphery: The Political,Economic and Cultural Factors behind the Emergence and Development of the Oulu ICT Phenomenon in Northern Finland

The Oulu region in Northern Finland has witnessed a remarkable growth of ICT industries since the 1980s. A town near the Arctic Circle with only 140,000 people (2012) created a high-tech business that employed at its best nearly 16,000 people in the region at the millennium. This article investigates the historical background of this phenomenon, which is not so much an imitation of Silicon Valley, but rather a result of special Finnish and northern characteristics. The most important contributing factors were the University of Oulu, governmental support and the success of the Nokia Corporation. Oulu's strength was the early clustering of the focal actors. Oulu established the first Technology Park in the Nordic countries in 1982. The northern mental environment, Oulu's traditions and many exceptionally active persons also contributed to the phenomenon. The case of Oulu is presented in a larger international context with the help of studies on regional high-tech clusters and the development of the information society. Present and future challenges are also addressed.     

Hydrothermal,multiphase convection of H2O‐NaCl fluids from ambient to magmatic temperatures: a new numerical scheme and benchmarks for code comparison

Thermohaline convection of subsurface fluids strongly influences heat and mass fluxes within the Earth's crust. The most effective hydrothermal systems develop in the vicinity of magmatic activity and can be important for geothermal energy production and ore formation. As most parts of these systems are inaccessible to direct observations, numerical simulations are necessary to understand and characterize fluid flow. Here, we present a new numerical scheme for thermohaline convection based on the control volume finite element method (CVFEM), allowing for unstructured meshes, the representation of sharp thermal and solute fronts in advection‐dominated systems and phase separation of variably miscible, compressible fluids. The model is an implementation of the Complex Systems Modelling Platform CSMP++ and includes an accurate thermodynamic representation of strongly nonlinear fluid properties of salt water for magmatic‐hydrothermal conditions (up to 1000°C, 500 MPa and 100 wt% NaCl). The method ensures that all fluid properties are taken as calculated on the respective node using a fully upstream‐weighted approach, which greatly increases the stability of the numerical scheme. We compare results from our model with two well‐established codes, HYDROTHERM and TOUGH2, by conducting benchmarks of different complexity and find good to excellent agreement in the temporal and spatial evolution of the hydrothermal systems. In a simulation with high‐temperature, high‐salinity conditions currently outside of the range of both HYDROTHERM and TOUGH2, we show the significance of the formation of a solid halite phase, which introduces heterogeneity. Results suggest that salt added by magmatic degassing is not easily vented or accommodated within the crust and can result in dynamic, complex hydrologies.     

Diffuse hydrothermal methane output and evidence of methanotrophic activity within the soils at Sousaki (Greece)

Methane soil flux measurements have been made in 38 sites at the geothermal system of Sousaki (Greece) with the closed chamber method. Fluxes range from ?47.6 to 29 150 mg m^?2 day^?1, and the diffuse CH₄ output of the system has been estimated at 19 t a^?1. Contemporaneous CO₂ flux measurements showed a moderate positive correlation between CO₂ and CH₄ fluxes. Comparison of the CO₂/CH₄ soil flux ratios with the CO₂/CH₄ ratio of the gases of the main gas manifestations provided evidence for methanotrophic activity within the soil. Laboratory CH₄ consumption experiments confirmed the presence of methanotrophic microorganisms in soil samples collected at Sousaki. Consumption was generally in the range from ?4.9 to ?38.9 pmolCH₄ h^?1 g^?1 but could sometimes reach extremely high values (?33 000 pmolCH₄ h^?1 g^?1). These results are consistent with recent studies on other geothermal systems that revealed the existence of thermoacidophilic bacteria exerting methanotrophic activity in hot, acid soils, thereby reducing methane emissions to the atmosphere.