Western Mediterranean sand deposits as a raw material for Roman glass production

During the Late Roman and Byzantine period, natron glass was made from its raw materials in a limited number of primary production centres in Egypt and Syro-Palestine. For the earlier Hellenistic and Roman period, no primary furnaces have been found and the location of primary production during this era remains unclear. Ancient authors such as Strabo and Pliny the Elder suggest that glassmaking sands were found near the River Belus (Israel), in Egypt, near the mouth of the Volturno River (Italy) and also in Spain and France. However, primary production in the western part of the Mediterranean is not supported by any direct archaeological evidence and possible sand raw materials from these regions have never been evaluated for their suitability to produce glass.     

Using provenance data to assess archaeological landscapes: an example from Calabria, Italy

Ceramic provenance studies have helped archaeologists examine trade and exchange in multiple scales, the organization of production, and even vessel function. Yet, they may go even further, to provide a venue for the examination of past people’s perception of their landscape. To do so, a methodology is needed that links the choices prehistoric potters made, as reflected in their ceramics, with the choices their landscape could afford them, as reflected in the extent and distribution of local clays, and the physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of these clays. Using the region of Bova Marina in southwestern Calabria as a case study, we have combined a raw materials survey with field and laboratory experiments, along with chemical and mineralogical analyses of the collected sediments to understand the distribution and the physical, chemical and mineralogical variability of locally available clays and provide baseline data against which prehistoric ceramic materials from the region may be compared. We show that the local sediments can be divided into three major units, based on their macroscopic, mineralogical and chemical characteristics, that correspond well with the major geological units outcropping in the study area. While two of these units have internally consistent properties, the third is variable.     

BodiesTouchingBodies: Jenny Saville's over-life-sized paintings and the ‘morpho-logics’ of fat,female bodies

Recent work in geography on materiality and embodiment has drawn attention to the ways that the varied materials of bodies, their capacities to leak and flow, to grow and shrink and endure and disappear, are central to an understanding of the spatialities of bodily experience. This article seeks to contribute to this work by considering how bodies touch themselves, or what I have termed ‘intra-body touching’, through an interrogation of two over-life-sized paintings (Branded and Propped) by the artist Jenny Saville. Her paintings present the topographies of a female fleshy body through detailed observations of bodily surfaces and orifices which include breasts hanging, hands grabbing and fat rolling and pressing upon itself. In drawing upon Luce Irigaray's critical engagement with Merleau-Ponty's account of hands touching, the article seeks to utilise her notion of the mucous for highlighting the ‘morpho-logics’ of sexed and sized bodies as they are produced through the example of intra-body touching. A focus upon the embodied spatialities of intra-body touching challenges accounts of the female body that centre upon women being located in a position of estrangement and distance from its varied materialities. Instead it will suggest that Saville's bodies are centred upon distinctly geographical relations of proximity and intimacy in ways which surprise and challenge our understandings of what a fleshy body can do.     

Sex differences in musculoskeletal stress markers: Problems with activity pattern reconstructions

This study examined six musculoskeletal stress marker (MSM) scores that showed reverse sex differences in the previously published research. MSM scores often differ by sex within a population. Most often females have lower MSM scores than do males; however, reverse sex differences do occur. If reverse sex differences are culturally specific, then these MSM scores are more likely caused by activity patterns than biology. Yet, if the same MSM scores show reverse trends in multiple populations, then perhaps these reversals may be the result of biological sex differences, such as hormonal differences and body size, or methodological reasons, such as MSM location. In the current study, deltoideus, pronator quadratus and trapezius MSM scores were significantly more pronounced in males in the California Amerind population examined. Most MSM scores examined significantly correlated with body size and age. With articular size and age controls, only the pronator quadratus and trapezius continued to display significant sex differences. Males had greater MSM pronator quadratus and trapezius scores than did females. The lack of sex differences in four out of six MSM scores may relate to the confounding factor of body size. Thus, it is suggested that some reverse sex differences in the published literature may not relate to activity patterns whereas other MSM sites show more promise. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

思想政治课堂如何实现以学生为主体的教学

以学生为主体是教学的基本出发点,是进行素质教育,提高教学质量的必要条件。课堂教学发挥学生的主体性,是教学改革的必然趋势。只有充分调动“教”与“学”两方面的积极性,才能真正把课堂还给学生,使学生成为学习的主人。     

关于进一步优化西部地区软环境的探索

本文分析了科学发展观对进一步推进西部大开发的重要指导意义,指出,要进一步推进西部开发,就必须不断改善西部开发的软环境。文章把这种软环境区分为政策环境、制度环境、创业环境、投资环境、政务环境、干事环境等六种,并对这六种软环境的内涵和功能作了分析。     

充分发挥农民主体作用建设社会主义新农村

建设社会主义新农村是我国现代化进程中的重大历史任务,要完成这一历史任务,必须充分认识到,农民是新农村建设的主体。要切实解决忽视农民主体地位和利益的问题,重视、尊重和充分发挥农民建设社会主义新农村的主体作用,坚持以人为本,大力提高农民的综合素质,把培育新型农民贯穿于整个社会主义新农村建设的始终。     

旅游具身体验研究进展与展望

20世纪90年代初,受具身理论启发,学界开始关注旅游与身体的关系,旅游具身体验研究取得长足进展,但系统的研究评述与反思尚付阙如。基于知识社会学视角分析,旅游具身体验研究经历了酝酿、探索和拓展3个阶段,研究成果分布在两个维度、六大领域,其中视觉、其他感官知觉、躯体觉体验构成具身体验的共通性层面,主要由生理身体决定;性别分异、身体障碍和身份认同下的具身体验则属于具身体验的差异化层面,强调了身体的建构性。这些成果推动了旅游体验研究的范式变革。针对当前在成果系统性、主题集中度和方法适用性等方面的不足,未来的研究迫切需要明确具身化对于旅游体验研究的范式意义,围绕“遭遇”“栖居”“展演”和“实践”等范畴建立核心命题,并且注意中西方理论资源的会通和新兴与传统研究方法的结合,以具身体验、具身实践、具身景观和具身营销为探索重心,完善和深化旅游具身体验研究的知识体系。     

现阶段影响公民政治参与的非和谐因素分析

公民的政治参与是发展社会主义民主政治的应有之意。本文通过对现阶段影响我国公民政治参与的非和谐因素的分析,提出了提高公民参与的理性认识,逐步扩大我国公民政治参与健康、有序、和谐发展的有效途径。     

汉代木胎鎏金银青铜瓶制作工艺探讨

年在山西打击文物犯罪专项行动中,追缴回一件汉代鎏金银青铜瓶,瓶内为一层木质内壁,是一件结合了木胎掏刻、分体铸造及鎏金银工艺的珍贵文物。 利用超景深视频显微镜对铜瓶表面及内层木胎进行表面形貌的显微观察,以获得制作过程遗留的微观痕迹;X射线探伤对铜瓶整体进行透视拍照,更准确地观察其内部构造;X射线荧光光谱分析技术对铜瓶外表面足部、腹部及颈部等关键部位进行合金成分分析,以确定其外表面装饰工艺,并以此还原其完整制作过程。结果表明,铜瓶为分体铸造工艺,流程为制模、制芯、制泥质外范、铸造、掏刻木胎、套装和鎏金银。铜瓶为上下两部分,中间以铜箍上子母扣的方式结合在一起;铜瓶本体材质为锡青铜,外表面金色部位为鎏金工艺,银白色部位为基于金层的鎏银工艺;瓶内的木胎为整块木材掏刻制成,而非拼接。 本工作选取了形制与工艺均较罕见的木胎鎏金银铜瓶,完整解释其工艺流程,结合青铜工艺发展史对研究结果进行印证,为此类工艺复杂且形制罕见的青铜酒器的保护修复提供了科学依据。