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41.
为了解重庆洞天堡墓地出土青铜器的保存状况、腐蚀产物种类和埋藏环境特征等,并探索其锈蚀成因,为即将进行的保护修复工作提供科学的依据,利用三维视频显微镜、激光共聚焦拉曼光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜等对重庆忠县洞天堡墓地出土青铜钫残片进行微观形貌观察和锈蚀物结构成分分析,并利用X射线荧光和微生物分析技术对青铜钫附着土壤进行成分和微生物分析。结果表明:该青铜钫锈蚀物含孔雀石、白铅矿、铅钒、磷氯铅矿、砷铅矿和赤铜矿等;外层锈蚀存在磷和氯元素富集现象;土壤中的磷、硫和氯等元素向青铜器迁移,青铜器中铜、锡和铅元素因腐蚀向土壤中流失;附着土富含多种真菌类微生物,促进了磷氯铅矿和砷铅矿的形成。 相似文献
42.
唐张臣和墓彩绘陶质文物的拉曼光谱和X衍射分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用拉曼光谱和X衍射方法,对张臣和墓彩绘陶质文物颜料及胎体进行分析,结果表明各种颜料保存基本完好,为以后科学保护修复这批彩绘陶质文物提供了科学依据。同时也证明,在样品量极少的情况下,利用拉曼光谱和X衍射等方法可有效鉴别古代颜料的种类及文物胎体的成分。 相似文献
43.
Lj. Damjanović U. Mioč D. Bajuk‐Bogdanović N. Cerović M. Marić‐Stojanović V. Andrić I. Holclajtner‐Antunović 《Archaeometry》2016,58(3):380-400
Medieval pottery from excavations at Novo Brdo, Serbia, an important mining and trading centre during the 14th and 15th centuries, was investigated by a combination of optical microscopy, inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared, micro‐Raman and energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy and X‐ray powder diffraction methods in order to determine its composition and firing temperature. The samples investigated were made of medium‐ to coarse‐grained, non‐calcareous clay, by a relatively well‐controlled firing procedure in an oxidizing atmosphere. The firing temperature was estimated to be 850–950°C. The similarity between the chemical composition of the investigated pottery and the local raw clay, combined with the outward appearance and the archaeological findings, indicate domestic production. The pottery is covered with the transparent lead‐rich glaze. Iron and copper were used as colourants. 相似文献
44.
The current interdisciplinary study of a funerary portrait has provided the first identification of a blue pigment on Palmyrene sculpture. The exceptional attestation of lapis lazuli on the examined portrait confirms the use of this highly valuable semiprecious stone in ancient polychromy, which was previously thought to be a later addition to the painter's palette. Considering that the archaeological record contains numerous minor objects carved from lapis lazuli, there are astonishingly few known instances of its use as a pigment. This Palmyrene discovery is only the third known example from Antiquity. 相似文献
45.
L. F. Vieira Ferreira I. Ferreira Machado T. M. Casimiro M. F. C. Pereira L. F. Santos 《Archaeometry》2018,60(4):695-712
Blue‐on‐blue (‘berettino’) sherds have appeared in numerous production and consumption archaeological excavations in Lisbon and other archaeological sites in Portugal (dated from the mid‐16th century to the beginning of the 17th century). The abundance of this interesting faience led us to compare it with similar pottery from other well‐known production centres in Italy, namely Liguria (Savona and Albisola), Spain (the Triana kilns) and the Low Countries. Differences in the diffraction patterns of the sherds' pastes from the four countries were observed. In most samples, cobalt blue silicate (cobalt olivine) was identified in the dark blue or light blue glazes through the use of micro‐Raman spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectra. A remarkable difference in the calcite contents of the Lisbon and Seville pottery sherds was observed, in accordance with previous observations of high calcite contents of Seville ceramics. A comparison was also made for all of the blue‐on‐blue sherds studied here with many other 16th–17th century sherds from Lisbon using bivariate plots of K/Si versus Ca/Si. Lisbon and Seville pottery behave very differently, whereas sherds from Italy and the Low Countries occupy intermediate positions. 相似文献
46.
Here we present a database of responses by South African agate and chalcedony to heat treatment. This will assist analyses of heated stone tools not only in South African archaeological sites, but wherever heated agate and chalcedony pieces were knapped. The minerals are abundant worldwide. To replicate potential heating methods during the Stone Age we placed some minerals in a wood fire, some under coals, and others were buried in sediments beneath fires. Thermal responses include lustrous flaked surfaces, pot lid fractures, semi-circular internal fractures, rough internal surfaces, and crazing. Aerobic heating is implied by pot lid fractures. To explain the thermal responses we analyzed the minerals using X-ray fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, and carbon and sulfur analyses. Our chalcedony contains more water and impurities than agate, making it more vulnerable to thermal damage. Our method of combining field experiments with chemical analyses has global applications even though we expect that mineral components of agate and chalcedony will vary slightly in different parts of the world. 相似文献
47.
J. B. Lambert A. J. Levy L. C. Niziolek G. M. Feinman P. J. Gayford J. A. Santiago‐Blay Y. Wu 《Archaeometry》2017,59(5):949-964
A number of blocks of resinous materials were found in the cargo of a 12th‐ to 13th‐century shipwreck, discovered in the late 1980s in the Java Sea near the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Java and excavated in 1996. These well‐preserved blocks presumably were trade materials used for religious, medicinal, cosmetic, decorative or practical purposes. Such materials, derived from plants and termed exudates, generally include frankincense, myrrh, ‘gum benjamin’, liquidambar, dragon's blood, dammar, copal and amber. The source of the cargo resin could not be determined from the site. Investigation by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has revealed that the molecular structure corresponds to that of modern resin from the plant family Dipterocarpaceae, known in trade as dammar and closely resembling Group B copal and amber. Other molecular classes of exudates are excluded. Such materials are not present in the Middle East, which then cannot be their source. The NMR spectra differ from those of Group B samples from Australia, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia, but resemble those from India or Japan. The spectra indicate that the saline environment had a similar effect on the molecular structure to heating and aging. 相似文献
48.
Michael B. Toffolo Eugenia Klein Rivka Elbaum Adam J. Aja Daniel M. Master Elisabetta Boaretto 《Journal of archaeological science》2013
The microstructure and chemical composition of eight faience beads from an early Iron Age (12th century BCE) assemblage found in the ancient city port of Ashkelon (Israel) are determined by means of FTIR spectrometry, pXRF, microRaman and SEM-EDS analysis. The results are compared with published data of Egyptian and Near Eastern artifacts. Each sample exhibits a hue which is obtained by adding a specific colorant to the glazing mixture. A new gray chalcopyrite-manganese-based colorant was identified. Cementation glazing was most likely used in the manufacturing process of the specimens analyzed, except for the blue bead, which is an Egyptian blue frit. The results suggest that these objects represent a unique assemblage, quite different from contemporary Egyptian and Near Eastern materials, and provide new information regarding the Iron Age faience evidence in the southern Levant. 相似文献
49.
Wissenstransfer durch Zentrenbildung. Physikalische Methoden in der Chemie und den Biowissenschaften
Carsten Reinhardt 《Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte》2006,29(3):224-242
From the 1950s to 1970s, physical techniques replaced many classical methods in the chemical and biological sciences. In this development, a novel type of method‐oriented scientists emerged, relying on cooperation with instrument manufacturers and forging close links with science‐funding agencies. Their main engagement was the development of methods and the improvement of instruments, responding to the needs of the chemical and biomedical communities. In the United States, an important institutional locus of such method‐oriented scientists were instrument centers, providing service to regional and national groups of scientific users. This article analyzes the knowledge transfer involved in investigating the Biotechnology Resources Program of the National Institutes of Health, and presenting the example of one of these centers, the Stanford Magnetic Resonance Laboratory. 相似文献
50.
The crystallinity of bone mineral represents an established method of measuring heat-induced change and is of importance to fields including material science, clinical science, anthropology and archaeology. A commonly used technique involves the calculation of the Crystallinity Index (CI) using selected peaks from Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) absorbance spectra. However, the choice of peaks has to date not been statistically justified. In this study a novel application of statistical techniques to the FTIR spectra of bone samples burned in the range 100 °C–1100 °C has been used to identify 5 new spectral indices of heat-induced crystallinity change. The validity of the new indices was tested by using a statistical classification model (LDA) to predict the burning temperature of a set of 108 bone samples burned between 100 °C and 1100 °C. A correct classification rate (CCR) of 97.2% was obtained when a combination of 4 indices including the CI was used. This was significantly better than the CCR of 66.7% which was obtained when the CI was used on its own. 相似文献