明清时期贵州“亲辖地”的设置与知府行政职能的扩大

明清时期,王朝在开拓西南边疆,实施改土归流的过程中,在贵州设置知府的“亲辖地”,有效地弱化了土司的权力。本文拟考察明清时期贵州“亲辖地”的设置与演变,探讨由“亲辖地”引发的贵州知府行政职能的扩大。并藉此探讨明清王朝的国家权力在西南边疆地区的渗透过程。     

Over two centuries: Black people in nineteenth-century Hawaiʻi

ABSTRACT

This article charts the history of Black people in nineteenth-century Hawai?i, an Indigenous and non-White society that prohibited slavery. Far from the Black Atlantic, African-descended people in the Pacific found acceptance and refuge. Since the late 1700s, Black mariners and notable figures – including former slaves from the US as well as Cape Verdeans – arrived in a non-slave society which was in the process of adopting race. Largely unrecognized, they worked in concert with Native Hawaiians – as spouses, educators, attorneys, and advisors to the monarchs – to influence and resist the development of American racial ideologies. Combining Hawaiian language sources, missionary journals, and ship logs with the scant existing historiography, this article accounts for Black people in the Hawaiian Islands during its tumultuous shift from an independent nation to a US Territory – a period and people neglected in twentieth-century scholarship on the Black Pacific.     

The Winton Formation flora (Albian–Cenomanian,Eromanga Basin): implications for vascular plant diversification and decline in the Australian Cretaceous

The youngest Australian equisetaleans and bennettitaleans are identified within the latest Albian to early Cenomanian Winton Formation flora based on new impression fossils from the Winton district, Eromanga Basin, western Queensland. Typical Winton Formation floras are also confirmed near Isisford and Morney Plains in eastern and central Eromanga Basin. The Winton Formation flora contains over 50 macrofossil plant taxa and marks the transition from seed-fern/conifer to angiosperm dominance in the Australian floristic succession. The pattern of clade representation in Australian late Mesozoic fossil assemblages suggests a causal link between angiosperm diversification and the decline of key understorey and mid-storey plants, particularly equisetaleans, seed-ferns, ginkgophytes and some fern families, through the mid-Cretaceous.     

The politics of expressive forms,ethnographic practice,and indigenous–state relations

This review examines four recently published ethnographies of North American Indian communities in both the United States and Canada, each reflecting the ways in which sovereignty and self-determination are realized and compromised. The evolving indigenous polities discussed in these works each articulate with the nation-state that encompasses them in different ways, in large part by virtue of the kinds of resources the communities are perceived to manage by salient institutions in the dominant society. These works are also insightful concerning the possibilities and limitations of ethnography in highly politicized settings.     

Kurangara in Queensland?: A Critique of Duncan-Kemp's Account

A particular historical travelling religious complex in northern Western Australia, usually known as Kurangara, has been the subject of anthropological attention since the late 1930s. Overlooked in all the literature is a similar account assigned to 1912–1918, in the distant Channel Country of southwest Queensland. This is in Alice Duncan-Kemp's last book, published in 1968. My examination shows that a good deal of Duncan-Kemp's account repeated parts of a 1954 popular magazine about Kurangara in the Pilbara. In other respects Duncan-Kemp may have drawn on her own childhood experiences, but in the absence of corroboration her account has to be considered unreliable.     

Mitochondrial haplogroup M discovered in prehistoric North Americans

We analyzed two mid-Holocene (∼5000 years before present) individuals from North America that belong to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup M, a common type found in East Asia, but one that has never before been reported in ancient or living indigenous populations in the Americas. This study provides evidence that the founding migrants of the Americas exhibited greater genetic diversity than previously recognized, prompting us to reconsider the widely accepted five-founder model that posits that the Americas were colonized by only five founding mtDNA lineages. Additional genetic studies of prehistoric remains in the Americas are likely to reveal important insights into the early population history of Native Americans. However, the usefulness of this information will be tempered by the ability of researchers to distinguish novel founding lineages from contamination and, as such, we recommend strategies to successfully accomplish this goal.     

(Re)asserting Indigenous Rights and Jurisdictions within a Politics of Place: Transformative Nature of Native Title Negotiations in South Australia

Australia's dominant politics of place has largely failed to give meaningful recognition to Indigenous peoples. The Native Title Act 1993 required governments, industry and others to (re)consider the basis and extent of their authority, unsettling the non‐Indigenous systems’ assumed dominance. While Indigenous hopes about Native title have diminished as a result of subsequent judicial, legislative and administrative responses, Native title negotiations have been pivotal in redefining politics of place and Indigenous–settler relationships in Australia at several scales. Focusing on South Australia's Statewide Indigenous Land Use Agreement Negotiation Strategy, this paper considers such a redefinition. The paper identifies four strategies as critical to success in transformative spatial politics: getting process right; recognising and supporting Indigenous jurisdictions; engaging and transforming non‐Indigenous scales; and shifting Native title process away from legalities, towards people and relationships. Since 1999, these strategies have transformed the politics of place and built more equitable inter‐cultural relationships and networks based on mutual recognition and respect between Indigenous and non‐Indigenous rights and interests in land and waters.     

Solar Radiation Potential and Site Modelling for Photovoltaic Modules in the Daintree Lowlands of Northeastern Australia

A regression model is developed which estimates monthly averages of daily peak sun hours for the Daintree region of North Queensland using 26 years of record. A mean daily peak sun hours of 4.32 ± 0.03 (n = 312) was obtained for the region. Simulations of solar energy potential for electricity generating purposes were made for clearings and treefall gaps at two different heights with four cloud conditions. Gaps in the rainforest of 40 metres or more with a solar array mounted at 7 metres above the ground were found to be optimal for electricity generating purposes under normal cloud conditions.     

从土官到缙绅:高其倬在云南的和平改土归流

改土归流是土司制度发展到一定阶段后中央王朝采取的必然措施 ,但清雍正朝以前 ,被改流的多是对抗中央王朝或已造成割据威胁的土司 ,改流浪潮始终未波及那些认同和支持中央王朝统治、汉文化程度较高的土司。随着封建中央集权统治的发展及土司制的没落 ,对这些土司的改流成为必然。雍正初年的云贵总督高其倬抓住时机 ,采取适当措施 ,用和平的方式完成对云南汉化土司改流的历史重任 ,并将其妥善安置 ,使之转变成为封建地主阶级中的一员 ,促成了边疆民族土官到封建缙绅的历史转变 ,具有深远的历史意义。     

Still Under the Act? Subjectivity and the State in Aboriginal North Queensland

ABSTRACT Both the colonial encapsulation and post‐colonial recognition of North Queensland's Aboriginal population have been achieved through legislative demarcation. This paper explores the way such demarcation has extended the influence of the state within local Aboriginal life‐worlds, focusing on the State of Queensland's Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 and the Commonwealth's Native Title Act 1993. Drawing on ethnographic and historical material from Central Cape York Peninsula, and recent anthropological theorization of the state, I argue that anthropologists need to seriously consider Aboriginal claims about what Michel‐Rolph Trouillot calls ‘state effects’. But careful examination of these claims suggests that the state no longer simply imposes its projects on fundamentally distinct Aboriginal life‐worlds. Not only is the state now deeply engaged within these life‐worlds, it is also deeply interwoven into post‐colonial Aboriginal subjectivities.