“南海Ⅰ号”出水漆器残片的成分结构分析

为了用现代化学分析手段来剖析“南海Ⅰ号”漆器的髹漆工艺,以“南海Ⅰ号”出水的3片不同髹漆工艺的漆片为例,采用显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、共聚焦拉曼光谱仪(Raman)等科学测试仪器进行研究,从髹漆的层数、显色材料的成分、漆膜的成分、漆灰的结构和成分、胎体的结构等方面来深度剖析“南海Ⅰ号”出水漆器残片的结构及制作工艺。表面显微观察显示漆片花纹精致美观,细部处理到位;截面显微观察显示剔红样品共有9层,分别是外漆5层,内漆1层,内外漆灰各1层,胎体1层;剔犀样品共7层,分别是外漆3层,内漆1层,内外漆灰各1层,胎体1层;褐漆样品共6层,分别是外漆和内漆各1层,内外漆灰各1层,内漆灰中加杂1层编织物层,胎体1层。拉曼测试结果表明3块漆片中红色显色材料为朱砂(HgS),黄色显色材料为雌黄(As_(2)S_(3)),黑色显色材料为炭黑(C)。样品中内外漆灰成分为羟基磷酸钙[Ca_(5)(PO_(4))_(3)(OH)]、石英(SiO_(2))和水合草酸钙[CaC_(2)O_(4)(H_(2)O)_(2.375)]等常见物质。漆膜的成分是生漆中添加了少量的石英颗粒,没有添加桐油作为助剂。     

The laryngoscope and nineteenth-century British understanding of laryngeal movements

ABSTRACT

The source of the human voice is obscured from view. The development of the laryngoscope in the late 1850s provided the potential to see the action of the vocal folds during speaking for the first time. This new instrument materially contributed to the understanding of vocal fold neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and neuropathology. The laryngoscope led to elaborated understanding of disorders that previously were determined by changes in sound. The objective of this paper is to detail the consequences of this novel visualization of the larynx, and to trace how it aided in the development of understanding of the movements of the vocal folds. This is demonstrated through an examination of the activities and practices of a group of London clinicians in the second half of the nineteenth century.     

商周时期的青铜觚及相关问题研究

青铜觚最早出现于二里岗文化时期,盛行于殷墟文化,西周早期逐渐衰退并消失。铜觚圈足上的十字形镂孔与铸造过程中采用的泥芯撑有关,金属芯撑技术的使用开始于二里岗文化时期,殷墟文化时期金属芯撑的使用逐渐规范化。圈足上的镂空纹饰是商周时期铜器装饰手法的一种,圈足下端的条状缺口可能是铸造过程中用来定位的,但不能排除是装饰或者铜器的拥有者因某种特殊的文化习俗或使用需求而让铸造工匠刻意为之的可能性。     

From Fierce to Adorable: Representations of Polar Bears in the Popular Imagination

From the late 1950s to the early 1980s, technology in the form of aircraft, high-powered rifles, and tranquilizers changed the relationship between humans and polar bears. Whereas the polar bear had been conceptualized as a fierce beast in early-modern expeditionary literature, in the second half of the twentieth century the bear was depicted as vulnerable due to overhunting and in need of scientific study, a process that in itself portrayed the helplessness of the animal when confronted with postwar technologies. Popular American and Canadian periodicals conveyed this shift in the bear’s image. This article examines the polar bear’s image as depicted by the media and argues that the use of certain technologies by sport hunters, wildlife biologists, and conservationists enabled a domination of the bear that altered the animal’s placement within the popular imagination.     

Bidirectional blade technology on naviform cores from northern Arabia: New evidence of Arabian-Levantine interactions in the Neolithic

Discovered in March 2015, the sites of DAJ-112 and DAJ-125 in the Al-Jawf province of northern Saudi Arabia consist of a large collection of surface lithic artefacts that can be compared to well-known Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) B technology from the Levant: the two sites include bidirectional blade technology with naviform core preparation and opposed platforms surface exploitation, as well as burin production at a wide scale. Other surface scatters have been identified during the 2013 and 2015 surveys, showing these two sites are not isolated in Al-Jawf, as rather important occurrences of Early Holocene technology have been identified across the region. Although the sites from Al-Jawf are surface occurrences and not radiometrically dated, the finds have proven to be extremely significant, representing a southward incursion of classic naviform cores-based technology, thus expanding the geographical distribution of this technology beyond the Levant. By addressing the lithic evidence from northern Arabia, the expansion and/or influence of PPN populations and cultural elements will be discussed.     

First Obsidian in the Northern French Alps during the Early Neolithic

An exceptional discovery was made in 2013 in the northern French Alps, at the Grande Rivoire site in Sassenage (Isère department): an obsidian bladelet from Sardinia was found in a cultural horizon dated to about 5360–5210 cal b.c. The abundant arrowheads found with it are characteristic of the Early Neolithic in the South of France (Cardial/Epicardial). Yet there was no pottery or domestic fauna, and only discrete markers of farming. The typological, technological and micro-wear analysis of this bladelet, as well as the determination of the origin of the raw material, open new avenues of reflection for the neolithization of the northern Alps, in particular concerning the role played by the Early Neolithic cultures of northern Italy.     

Strengthening Innovation Through Closer Bilateral Integration

While the Canadian economy has outperformed the US economy over the past decade by several macroeconomic indicators, both economies have been characterized by relatively slow real economic growth and relatively high unemployment rates. One focus of bilateral cooperation that could promote improved economic, social, and environmental conditions in both countries over time is scientific and technological (S&T) innovation. It is widely acknowledged that technological change associated with innovation has been the single most important contributor to productivity growth, and it is also the likely source of success in meeting major public policy challenges facing both countries in areas such as renewable energy and health care.     

ENGINEERING SPATIAL FIXES: RELATIONAL SPATIAL PRACTICES,STRATEGIC‐TOPOLOGICAL APPROACH AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF A FINNISH SCIENCE‐TECHNOLOGY DISTRICT

It can be argued that the relational approach, and especially the so‐called relational economic geography, would benefit from deeper engagement with the practical and strategic dimensions of spatial relations. The article proposes a notion of engineering spatial fix as a way to conceptualize these dimensions. The idea is to widen the conceptual sphere of relationality from spontaneous ties or abstract networked power effects towards relational spatial practices. Theoretically, the article aims to bridge the strategic‐relational and the network‐topological approaches through a stylized meso‐level practice‐oriented approach. It is suggested that in economic geography, relations can be grasped through two basic perspectives: relations as analytical lenses and relations as spatial practices. The article proposes that the relational spatial practices can be divided into two dimensions: topological and strategic. The article presents a case study of a science‐technology district of Turku in 1985–2001, which fleshes out the theoretical elaborations. In the process, the relational concept of synergy is utilized as a context‐specific strategic resource as the district evolves from an initial separate building to a distinct and materialized geographical structure.     

Microdebitage analysis: Initial considerations

Microdebitage is defined as all stone flaking residue less than 1 mm in maximum dimension. Experimental replication indicates that it is produced in great quantities by stone tool manufacture and can permeate site matrices as a permanent signature of past cultural activity. Initial sampling studies suggest that microdebitage analysis may have considerable utility as a means of lithic site surveying.     

Jebel Kareem (TH.68): Techno-typological characteristics of a distinctive lithic assemblage from Dhofar,southern Oman

The lithic sample from TH.68 in Southern Oman is characterised by a set of techno-typological features: (a) the variety of blank production strategies employed to produce flakes, blades and bladelets; (b) the level of standardisation of tools, including backed bladelets, end scrapers, burins on truncation, unifacial and bifacial plano-convex points, etc.; and (c) a previously unknown technique that produced specific flakes presenting uniform morphological traits and high incidence of retouch. Here a comprehensive account of the lithic production systems employed by prehistoric human bands and the formal retouched tools that they made is provided.