馆藏壁画保护管理中的风险因素调查分析及对策

自1952年以来,被揭取迁移到博物馆中的墓葬壁画,在被修复、收藏、展示、运输、研究的过程中出现了画面污染、色彩褪变、颜料层粉化脱落、地仗层空鼓、支撑体变形等中度或重度腐蚀受损现象,使得现阶段对导致壁画藏品劣化、损毁的风险因素进行梳理和调查成为了一项亟待开展的基础工作。为此本工作从壁画保护的视角出发,在充分考虑其本体脆弱性的同时,将藏品管理中潜在的不确定性识别为明确的风险因素,提出有针对性的预防性保护措施,在规避风险的同时延缓藏品的老化进程,为加强藏品保护和零风险管理提供参考。     

基于环境监测的三星堆遗址祭祀坑考古现场预防性保护

目前考古现场保护主要以应急保护技术与临时加固材料的研究和应用为主,而关于考古现场预防性保护少有报道。本次三星堆遗址祭祀坑发掘保护构建了由考古舱、考古舱环境调控系统、空气质量监测系统、土遗址监测系统、区域气象站、预防性保护措施、监测信息智能管理平台组成的预防性保护体系。发掘前,通过土遗址监测系统和区域气象站获取文物埋藏环境信息和区域气象信息,为考古舱内环境设置提供了依据。发掘过程中,采取舱内温湿度调控、保湿、空气杀菌净化、控制舱内人数与新风换气等预防性保护措施,达到控制考古舱温湿度、减少细菌和真菌总数、降低舱内CO_(2)浓度,减缓象牙等文物失水速度的目的,有效控制了出土文物开裂、酥粉、霉菌暴发等病害发生,为考古发掘与保护赢得了时间。三星堆祭祀坑考古现场预防性保护的创新探索与实践为以后重要遗址的现场保护指引了方向、提供了可借鉴经验。     

反映博物馆展柜瞬态环境温度变化的三维CFD建模与分析

温湿度是评价文物保存微环境的重要因素。目前，基于文物预防性保护工作的要求产生了大量文物保存微环境监测数据。如何更好地分析、利用现有的数据，建立有效的数学分析模型，用以评估并优化现有的环境调控措施是预防性保护工作的重要课题。本研究使用计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)的方法，建立能够反映展柜所处环境温度瞬态变化的三维CFD仿真模型，通过瞬态温度边界建模方法，将展柜外实测温度数据使用UDF(user defined function)编译，作为模型的瞬态边界条件。模型使用夏季工况的柜内温度实测数据进行标定，并将标定后的模型直接应用于冬季工况。结果表明，经标定后的模型在夏季工况中运行良好，模拟值与实测值间的平均偏差为0.18℃,最大偏差为0.33℃。模型直接应用于冬季工况，表现出很好的预测效果，模拟值与实测值之间的平均偏差为0.029℃,最大偏差为0.081℃,进一步验证了模型的有效性。本研究为预防性保护的监测数据利用及定量化研究提供了一种新的思路，同时证明了CFD技术在文物保护领域的广阔应用前景。     

Local Forest Protection, Gender and Caste—Dhani Hill, Orissa, India

A questionnaire survey covering 35% of all households in five villages was conducted in a local forest protection group in Orissa, India. The aim was to study dependency, involvement and attitude towards forest protection based on gender and caste. A conceptual model indicating differences between the groups was used as a base. Women experienced more problems of restrictions caused by the protection and more threats associated with the forest than did men. Voting in meetings and a wish for more plantations was of greater importance for women than for men, while men emphasised importance of co-operation with government. Direct involvement was very low among women, even though they were well informed about forest issues. Tribal groups were the main contributers of labour, while general caste had been involved for considerably longer in forest protection than other groups. The tribal groups also wanted more plantations and had a good understanding of the ecosystem. For example, they indicated the value of a growing forest. Men and general caste tended to be more outspoken in this type of questionnaire situation compared to women and scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. The general attitude towards Dhani Hill, however, was positive and could be linked to daily use and future optimism. This optimism and the involvement of all the different groups should be considered as crucial in the timing of local forest management interventions. This should be seen together with the diversified opinions and ways of expressing such opinions depending on gender and caste.     

The policy of non-discrimination and the protection of minority cultural heritage in Albania

ABSTRACT

This paper looks at the effectiveness of the policy of non-discrimination towards minorities in the preservation of minority cultural heritage, constructing a case study within Albania. After defining the key terms used, this paper examines the legal framework of non-discrimination towards minorities in its historical development and looks into the state of preservation of minority cultural heritage on the ground throughout the 2010s combining extensive field-work with interviews with key representatives of ethnic minorities in Albania. The poor state of preservation of minority cultural heritage is mostly attributed to under-financing and the insufficient policy of non-discrimination. As I demonstrate, in the case of minorities with a kin-state in the region, most notably Greece, as well as the heritage claimed by neighbouring states, primarily Turkey, the policy of non-discrimination and the practice of under-financing paves the way for external involvement in the protection of cultural heritage, in pursuit of international political agendas. The paper concludes that more needs to be done for the protection of minority cultural heritage in Albania.     

馆藏文物预防性保护风险管理的实践与思考——以上海博物馆为例

馆藏文物预防性保护工作在我国经过了二十余年的系统性研究和应用实践,已经取得了重大进步。近年来,上海博物馆在预防性保护工作中引入风险管理理念,通过明确环境信息、风险评估、风险应对和监督检查的流程,降低文物风险,保障文物安全。本文以上海博物馆的两个临时展览为例,从环境信息统计分析、湿度阈值设定与调控策略选择、材料环境安全性评估、展柜密封性能要求等方面阐述了馆藏文物预防性保护风险管理工作的应用实践和研究思考。     

Understanding ‘trafficking vulnerabilities’ among children: the responses linking to child protection issues in Nepal

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this paper is to discuss child trafficking in Nepal within the broader framework of child protection. It examines both individual (gender, ethnicity and caste) and structural (their experiences in relation to work, migration, education and lack of birth registration) vulnerabilities and their links with child trafficking as a child protection concern. The paper provides suggestions for why there is a need for a more nuanced understanding of trafficking vulnerabilities as part of a continuum, rather than a distinct event, to improve outcomes for children. We use the evidence presented here to call for a holistic approach. Policies and programmes must be integrated within the broader concerns of child protection, thus strengthening the system from local to national level, while recognising the importance of children’s rights to participate in any decision-making.     

基于环境监测的南京上坊孙吴墓环境风险评估

半地下砖石建筑遗产在发掘后，温度、含水量等环境条件的波动关联了包括干缩开裂、盐析、微生物生长等在内的诸多病害，使得半地下砖石建筑遗产加速劣化的风险上升，不利于文物价值的有效保护。为明确半地下砖石建筑遗址的依存环境与本体病害特征之间的关联性，本研究以南京上坊孙吴墓为研究对象，进行了现场调研测绘与病害勘察，并对上坊孙吴墓进行了为期一年的室内外环境监测，获取了室外气候、保护大棚内及各墓室内的温湿度等参数，分析了不同病害与依存环境的关联性，并基于环境监测数据评估了墓室内不同区域对应的本体材料劣化风险等级。结果表明，相比于前墓室，覆顶不存的后墓室会表现出更复杂的病害特征，即砖石类遗址在长期的环境波动状态下可能会比在较稳定的高湿环境中面临更高的保存风险。研究结果可为上坊孙吴墓以及同类型半地下砖石建筑遗址保护措施的科学制定提供有价值的参考。     

Types and Patterns of Later-life Migration

This paper refines previous typologies of later-life mobility by explicitly evaluating the spatial migration patterns and household characteristics of retired American migrants. Migrants' lifecourse attributes (economic status, disability, presence of spouse), large-scale migration patterns (internal migration) and household characteristics (living arrangements, economic independence, residential independence) are used to identify three types of post-retirement mobility. The first type, amenity migration , has a distinctive spatial pattern that suggests a search for attractive climate and leisure amenities. The second type of mobility, assistance migration , can be traced to low income and the absence of a spouse in the household. It often results in residential and economic dependence – specifically, in co-residence with adult children or other labor force members. The third type of mobility, migration in response to severe disability and spouse absence , tends to result in nursing home residence. While amenity migration has long been associated with good health and favorable economic status, this analysis reveals that many disabled and lower-income retirees share the inmigration pattern typical of amenity migrants. In fact, amenity migration is the predominant type of mobility among those migrants with fewer than two unfavorable lifecourse attributes (low income, severe disability and spouse absence). Unlike previous lifecourse typologies, this study shows no clear relationship between moderate disability and co-residence with adult children. The results suggest that co-residence is primarily a strategy for reducing living costs rather than a means of coping with moderate disability.