The Formation of Large-scale Collaborative Resource Management Institutions: Clarifying the Roles of Stakeholders, Science, and Institutions

This article explores the emergence of collaborative institutional arrangements for managing natural resources in large-scale and complex resource settings, among numerous political jurisdictions and stakeholders. It examines four regional institutions in the United States: the Northwest Power and Conservation Council's Fish and Wildlife Program, the Chesapeake Bay Program, the CALFED Bay-Delta Program, and the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan. While a wealth of literature has looked at the emergence of smaller-scale resource management institutions, and some literature has begun to look at the characteristics and successes of these regional institutions, theory is lacking to explain the formation of these regional institutions. We first introduce three relevant streams of literature—on common pool resources management, on policy entrepreneurs and social capital, and on science and information in policy change—to frame our analysis. The comparisons of the cases point to the importance of integrating key insights from the literature for understanding the formation of collaborative resource governance. We emphasize how science, leadership, and prior organizational experience interact in facilitating institutional change, particularly in the process of raising awareness about resource management problems. In tracing the formation of these institutions, we also identify how external institutional triggers can help spur collaborative governance.     

清东陵裕陵彩画补绘修复设计思考

以往人们对建筑彩画更多的是关注其个体的保存状态,在我们承担清东陵裕陵维修工程中,发现对裕陵建筑彩画的价值评估仅仅以局部真实与完整的角度观照还很不够,尤其是通过对裕陵单体建筑彩画的现状勘察,裕陵建筑彩画属旋子彩画类型,其单体彩画配置存在等级差异,比较其他清代陵寝建筑彩画,清代陵寝建筑彩画的总体配置似有传承古制的观念影响.同时,陵寝建筑有明确年代,使陵寝彩画具有时代样本价值,再由裕陵建筑彩画纹饰差异、配置关系的发现,引发本文对裕陵建筑彩画价值评估和补绘意义的探讨.     

大别山解放区土改政策演变探析

大别山解放区土改政策的演变深受政治、军事环境影响。最初受我强敌弱和老区经验影响,实行彻底土改,取得一些成效。但随着后来敌强我弱,对形势估量不够和其他主观错误,没有及时转变政策,造成"急性土改",给干部群众造成很大损失。认识到错误后,在中央和毛泽东指示下又实施分地区分阶段有步骤的土改政策。最后根据中央指示重点实施统一战线性质的减租减息政策。土改政策演变过程是一个政策日趋符合实际的过程,体现着土改与军事、干部、群众等工作的互动,充满着中央和地方的思考交流,展示着毛泽东的从谏善断、邓小平的求实思考。大别山解放区土改政策的演变非常典型,为全国其他新区的土改提供了重要借鉴。     

Interpreting cultural remains in airborne laser scanning generated digital terrain models: effects of size and shape on detection success rates

In this study, detection success rates were evaluated for cultural remains that were detected manually based on interpretation of digital terrain models (DTM) derived from airborne laser scanning data and with a resolution of 1, 5 and 10 points m⁻². The group of cultural remains included charcoal kilns, charcoal pits, hollow-roads, various pits, house foundations, tar kilns, grave mounds and pit-falls. The effects on the interpretation success of different types of cultural remains and their physical properties were studied: size, shape and elevation difference showing that the detection success rates varied considerably. The main tendency was that large cultural remains with clear geometrical shape (ovals and circles) and large elevation difference were much more successfully detected and classified compared to the smaller ones, especially those without a clear geometrical shape. The study also showed that it was the identification of the larger structures which profited most from an increased resolution of the DTM, and it was of no help to increase resolution in order to improve the identification of the irregularly shaped cultural remains.     

Integrated geoarchaeological methods for the determination of site activity areas: a study of a Viking Age house in Reykjavik,Iceland

For over a decade, geoarchaeological methods such as multi-element analysis and soil micromorphology have been used to identify and interpret activity areas on archaeological sites. However, these techniques, along with others such as magnetic susceptibility, loss on ignition, and microrefuse, artefact and bone distribution analyses are rarely integrated in the study of a single site, even though they provide very different and potentially complementary data. This paper presents a comparative study of a wide range of geoarchaeological methods that were applied to the floors sediments of a Viking Age house at the site of Aðalstræti 16, in central Reykjavík, Iceland, along with more traditional artefact and bone distribution analyses, and a spatial study of floor layer boundaries and features in the building. In this study, the spatial distributions of artefacts and bones could only be understood in the light of the pH distributions, and on their own they provided limited insight into the use of space in the building. Each of the sediment analyses provided unique and valuable information about possible activity areas, with soil micromorphology proving to have the greatest interpretive power on its own. However, the interpretation potential of the geochemical methods was dramatically enhanced if they were integrated into a multi-method dataset.     

"大跃进"前夕的一场农村社会主义教育运动——以山东昌潍为个案

1957～1958年,在反右扩大化的直接影响下,根据毛泽东和中共中央指示,中共山东昌潍地委在全区农村普遍开展了一次以两条道路大辩论、农业生产建设问题大辩论和整党、整团、整社为主题的三个阶段的社会主义教育运动.这场政治思想批判运动,虽然达到了预期的目的,但同时也掩盖了一些问题,使阶级斗争扩大化进一步蔓延到农村,也使"左"倾冒进的苗头进一步发展,给农村的政治、经济发展带来了长期的负面影响.     

试论数据采集与虚拟修复在大足石刻修复中的应用

文物作为一种不可再生的宝贵资源,其本体上的保护修复工作均需慎之又慎,需遵循国际上规定的“最小干预”及“可逆性”基本原则.为此,虚拟修复成为对文物动手修复时的重要辅助手段.然而,多数文物具有复杂立体结构和色彩,传统的虚拟修复技术难以实现逼真效果.三维激光扫描是近年来飞跃发展的一项高新测绘与信息技术,具有无损、空间精度高、速度快等突出优势,在文物数字留存及相关保护应用中发挥了重要作用.三维激光扫描技术与高清摄影技术相结合,为文物的虚拟修复带来新的契机.本文结合文物虚拟修复基本需求分析,提出了基于三维激光扫描技术的文物虚拟修复关键技术与工作流程,并以国家一号石质文物保护工程——大足石刻宝顶山千手观音造像的保护修复为例,进行了应用实践,综合历史资料和现有数据的分析,实现了三维形态及色彩的虚拟修复.结果表明,基于三维扫描的虚拟修复能够提供更为逼真的三维虚拟修复模型,供修复专家研究参考.     

山东新见青铜句鑃初识

2005年,山东省潍坊市滨海技术开发区大家洼街道发现一批形制、组合都比较独特的青铜器,其中以句鑃为主,另有少量的璧形器和圭形器等。相关的考古资料此前在山东章丘、淄博等地偶有发现,济南市博物馆亦有少量收藏。山东出土青铜句鑃的定名目前仍存在一定的分歧,时代约为春秋中晚期。青铜句鑃的特征及埋藏环境表明,其主要用于祭祀,并与青铜圭形器、璧形器形成固定的组合。山东青铜句鑃可能受到了吴越地区同类器的影响,但已具有一定的地域特色。