排序方式: 共有96条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Paola Villa Marie Soressi Christopher S. Henshilwood Vincent Mourre 《Journal of archaeological science》2009
We present the results of a technological and morphometric analysis of all the Still Bay points (n = 371) recovered from the 1993 to 2004 excavations at Blombos Cave. We have been able to reconstruct the manufacturing sequence of the bifacial points from initial shaping, by direct internal percussion, to finished morphology, by direct marginal percussion. Identifications of impact fractures and manufacturing breaks are based on comparisons with experimental and archaeological bifacial points of verified function, i.e. Paleoindian points from bison kill sites, replicates of Solutrean points mounted as spear-heads or arrowheads and shot into adult cattle, and experimental replication on local raw materials. Our analysis shows that: (a) only a minority of the points are finished forms, and that a large number of pieces are production failures, a situation known at bifacial point production sites of later ages; (b) morphometric and impact scar analyses should take into account this process and distinguish finished points from preforms and unfinished points; (c) there were at least three different kinds of raw material sources and that there is a marked increase in the frequencies of silcrete with respect to the M2 and M3 phases at Blombos; (d) three kinds of evidence prove that some of the points were hafted axially and used as spear tips; (e) production of bifacial points was a primary activity at the site but the hypothesis of intergroup exchange of Still Bay points cannot be sustained on the basis of present evidence; and (f) the Still Bay phase appears to initiate a trend to relatively rapid changes in specialized hunting weaponry and that this innovation is congruent with other innovations such as bone tools, shell beads and engraved ochre of the M1 and M2 phases at Blombos. 相似文献
32.
Heinz Rüther Michael Chazan Ralph Schroeder Rudy Neeser Christoph Held Steven James Walker Ari Matmon Liora Kolska Horwitz 《Journal of archaeological science》2009
The ‘African Cultural Heritage and Landscape Database’ project, initiated and directed by the senior author and administered by Aluka (www.aluka.org), is aimed at the creation of a digital library of spatial and non-spatial materials relating to cultural heritage sites in Africa. The archaeological site of Wonderwerk Cave (South Africa) is one of the 19 sites documented to date using laser scanning, conventional survey, digital photogrammetry and 3D modelling. To date, it is one of the few archaeological caves worldwide to be fully scanned. This paper explores the different uses to which the spatial data derived from this cave have been, or will be, put – for historical and educational purposes, scientific research and site conservation and development. 相似文献
33.
Renewed archaeological investigation of the West Mouth of Niah Cave, Borneo has demonstrated that even within lowland equatorial environments depositional conditions do exist where organic remains of late glacial and early post-glacial age can be preserved. Excavations by the Niah Cave Research Project (NCP) (2000–2003) towards the rear of the archaeological reserve produced several bone points and worked stingray spines, which exhibit evidence of hafting mastic and fibrous binding still adhering to their shafts. The position of both gives strong indication of how these cartilaginous points were hafted and gives insight into their potential function. These artefacts were recovered from secure and 14C dated stratigraphic horizons. The results of this study have implications for our understanding the function of the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene bone tools recovered from other regions of Island Southeast Asia. They demonstrate that by the end the Pleistocene rainforest foragers in Borneo were producing composite technologies that probably included fishing leisters and potentially the bow and arrow. 相似文献
34.
For many decades the use of backed pieces from the Howiesons Poort, between about 70 ka and 55 ka ago, in South Africa has been a point of discussion. Recently direct evidence has been provided to associate these tools with Middle Stone Age hunting strategies. Yet, whether they were used to tip hunting weapons or as barbs remained an open question. In this paper we introduce a set of pilot experiments designed to test the effectiveness of Howiesons Poort segments, the type fossils of the industry, hafted in four different configurations as tips for hunting weapons. It is shown that the morphological type can be used successfully in this way. We present the results of a macrofracture analysis conducted on the experimental tools and compare these to results obtained from three Howiesons Poort backed tool samples. By correlating experimental outcomes, macrofracture data and the interpretation of micro-residue distribution patterns, we provide some insight into the functional variables that might be associated with Howiesons Poort segments. 相似文献
35.
Grotte XVI (Dordogne, France) contains a rich archaeological sequence that begins during the Mousterian and continues through the Magdalenian and includes Châtelperronian and early Aurignacian assemblages. Analyses of the ungulates from this site show no significant change in skeletal part representation, butchering intensity (as measured by cut mark numbers and placement), degree of bone fragmentation, and intensity of carnivore damage across the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition. Relative taxonomic abundances of ungulates change significantly from the Mousterian to the early Aurignacian, but these changes are consistent with climatic forcing and continue throughout the sequence. Only the Magdalenian ungulate assemblage is clearly distinct from all others when examined in terms of these variables, perhaps because of altered predator/prey ratios on the local landscape. Cave bear relative abundances decline precipitously across the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition; this decline may reflect increased human residence times and/or group sizes during this interval, just as Kurtén observed many years ago. 相似文献
36.
Paul Goldberg 《Journal of archaeological science》1979,6(1):17-47
A micromorphological study of the sediments from the cave of Pech-de-l'Azé II using the terminology of Brewer (1964) was undertaken in order to describe them, to compare the results and their palaeoclimatic interpretations (e.g., Laville, 1973) with those of classical sedimentological analyses and to evaluate the role of micromorphology in the analysis of cave and rock-shelter deposits.The soil skeleton is composed of quartz sand and silt resulting principally from the decay of bedrock with local reworking by solifluction and ruissellement. Lithorelicts consist of bedrock fragments of cryoclastic origin and detrital phosphate grains which can be identified as being large carnivore (bear or hyaena?) coprolites. The plasma is composed of mostly iron rich clay and although it was most abundant in reddish layers of previously recognized soils, no micromorphological evidence for clay illuvation was found. The latter might have been caused by post-depositional destruction by freeze and thaw which produced the generally well developed banded fabrics in many of the beds. Free grain argillans occur sporadically but are particularly well developed on phosphate grains. Secondary calcite, occurring either in dispersed zones or as void calcitans and neocalcitans occurs throughout but is more marked in the upper layers and bed 6.Micromorphologically based palaeoclimatic interpretations agreed on the whole with those obtained by classical sedimentology although several questions were raised which should make us more cautious in interpreting “classical” data: such as the origin of the clay, especially in “soil” horizons. The advantages of micromorphology in delineating sequence of events were indicated. 相似文献
37.
Border Cave is well-known for its Middle Stone Age (MSA) sequence and associated hominids, as well as for the earliest demonstrable Later Stone Age (LSA) (c. 38,000 b.p.) strata in southern Africa. Detailed lithostratigraphic and sedimentological study permits identification of 8 Pleistocene sedimentary cycles, including 6 major cold phases and 2 intervening weathering horizons. The 2 youngest cold phases are associated with the LSA and have 8 14C dates 38,600-13,300 b.p. By gauging sedimentation rates in finer and coarser sediments, duration of sedimentary breaks, and allowing for differential compaction, the excellent radiocarbon framework provided by 28 available 14C dates can be extrapolated to the 6 cold intervals and 2 palaeosols that are older than 50,000 b.p. These clearly span oxygenisotope stages 4, 5 and 6, placing the base of the MSA deposits at c. 195,000 b.p., Homo sapiens sapiens at c. 90,000–115,000 b.p. and the sophisticated, microlithic “Howieson's Poort” industry at 95,000 b.p. These results require radical reassessment of the age and nature of the MSA complex and of the earliest evolution of anatomically-modern people. 相似文献
38.
Susan S. Hughes 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》1998,5(4):345-408
The evolution of prehistoric weaponry remains an open question in North American archaeology. The traditional model argues
for an early use of the throwing spear followed by the spearthrower and bow and arrow. A major difficulty in testing this
model is, identifying the functional variables that characterize different weaponry. The evolution of prehistoric weaponry
is reexamined here from an evolutionary perspective where projectile points are considered part of the complete weapon system
and variation within that system is identified. The engineering of four weapon systems, the thrusting spear, throwing spear,
spearthrower, and bow, are examined to identify those point variables that enhance the success of the system. These variables
are then measured on a 9000-year sequence of projectile points from northwestern Wyoming to examine time/space patterns. The
patterns reveal that the spearthrower was in use prior to 7500 years ago. 相似文献
39.
40.