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31.
ABSTRACT Based on archaeological data it is time to re‐evaluate the stratified chiefdom of the Leeward Society Islands. The model was constructed mainly on ethno‐historical/ethnological data and has been used extensively, and this social system has been projected back in time, sometimes maybe too far. The question that may be asked is: What happened during almost 1000 years of settlement in the Society Islands? Here we take as our starting point Irving Goldman's interpretation of social organization in the Society Islands, and argue for an earlier existence of either traditional chiefdoms and/or open chiefdoms in the Leeward Society Islands. New archaeological investigations of marae and habitations show that the stratified chiefdom in the Society Islands was a late development, and that the society went through several changes through time. Summary of the archaeological evidence on the evolution of a stratified chiefdom on Huahine The earliest ritual space on Huahine is possibly represented by an upright stone placed on the early Vaito'otia/Fa'ahia site, dated to around AD 1300. However, our 14C dates clearly shows that the first transformation period — when marae structures with ahu were first built on Huahine — began around AD 1450. On closer inspection all these dates are associated with medium‐sized marae structures, which probably represent family or lineage marae classes, of Wallin's type 4.1 (Wallin 1993:66), possibly expressing an ‘open chiefdom’. The large megalithic marae of Wallin's type 4.2 date between AD 1650 and 1750. These latter structures, closely connected to the war god 'Oro, were also associated with the development of a complex social stratification on island to inter‐island levels. Small marae also dated late and were tied to specified functions, probably the development of differentiation among the specialists in the society, or a rise in status for certain groups of priests, tahua's. This may indicate that craft specialisation became more visible and controlled during this time, which can be seen as another sign of the development of a stratified society. 相似文献
32.
JENNIFER G. KAHN 《Archaeology in Oceania》2010,45(2):103-110
ABSTRACT A new war cult dedicated to the god 'Oro emerged in late prehistory in the Society Islands and was linked to shifts in temple architecture, religious rituals, and sacred regalia. Legends suggest that this war cult developed in the Leeward Islands and was translocated to the Windward group prior to European contact. This article summarizes ethnohistoric data for the 'Oro war cult, including its relationship to new temple styles in the Windward group constructed from worked rounded stones. Such temples are found in both inland and coastal contexts. Extant chronological data on Windward marae of the 'Oro style are synthesized. A new spatio‐temporal case study of four 'Oro style temples from the 'Opunohu Valley, Mo'orea demonstrates considerable variability in temple morphology and chronology. This is linked to differences among socio‐political maneuverings of high status lineage chiefs versus lower status lineage chiefs in the 'Opunohu Valley and perhaps to functional variation among the types of 'Oro style marae structures found in inland contexts. The new chronology suggests a rapid translocation of the 'Oro style war cult into the Windward group, somewhat earlier than previous archaeological work had suggested. 相似文献
33.
Katrina Myrvang Brown 《Scottish Geographical Journal》2013,129(2):109-129
In Scotland, as elsewhere in Western Europe, many examples of historical common land have endured to the present day, but are under major pressure from the economic restructuring, socio-cultural recomposition and changing policy context that characterise contemporary rural change. For the crofting common grazings of Scotland, two particular challenges have arisen in the form of: (1) the growing difficulty of gaining sufficient livelihood contributions from traditional agriculturally-based activities; and (2) the increasing heterogeneity of rights-holders. This paper elaborates the findings of a recent survey, which sought to identify the main implications of these challenges for common grazings use and governance. An overall decline in levels of use of common grazings was identified, as well as decreasing involvement and investment in associated local institutions. This informs a discussion of the factors shaping the role of historical common land in contemporary rural spaces, an area neglected in the common property literature. 相似文献
34.
R. Common 《Scottish Geographical Journal》2013,129(3):160-162
The dominance of Mexico City over the remainder of the country appears to offer conclusive evidence that Mexico's space economy is characterised by core‐periphery relationships. Most measurable criteria indicate that the Yucatan peninsula is part of the periphery. Despite this, it is possible to argue that within the Yucatan peninsula* itself, the city of Merida acts as a core area and has been responsible for a considerable degree of autonomous economic growth, thus acting as a core within the periphery. 相似文献
35.
《Journal of Conflict Archaeology》2013,8(2-3):192-206
AbstractThis research focuses on the use of a new and experimental archaeological method. Using this new method, calculating the in situ strength of concrete became possible. By taking this method to Alderney, a once Nazi-occupied island, it was hoped that the secrets of a Nazi Megastructure would be uncovered; both exemplifying the dark history of this small island, while also establishing the value of the Schmidt rebound hammer for academic archaeology. 相似文献
36.
《The Journal of Pacific history》2012,47(1):38-53
ABSTRACTFor the eight years prior to the September 2014 election in Fiji, no data were available that could enable observers to gauge the extent of support for the Bainimarama government. During that period, a range of conflicting claims emerged about shifting political loyalties within Fiji, largely based on anecdotal evidence. This paper makes use of the micro-level September 2014 election results to enquire about rural/urban, ethnic, class and provincial bases of support for the major parties. It finds that backing for the main opposition party was concentrated in areas with small populations, high levels of out-migration and relatively low voter turnout. Conversely support for the incumbent government was strongest on the more densely populated main island of Viti Levu, particularly in the fastest growing western part of that island. 相似文献
37.
《The Journal of Pacific history》2012,47(1):54-60
ABSTRACTThe September 2014 general elections in Fiji resulted in a decisive victory for Prime Minister Bainimarama and his FijiFirst Party. It indicated a desire for stability on the part of the electorate as well as the popularity of measures such as ‘free’ education and the removal of affirmative action programmes for Indigenous Fijians. The Social Democratic Liberal Party garnered a significant portion of the Indigenous vote through appeals to ethnic identity, but will need to broaden its base in future to have any chance of forming a government. The high voter enrolment and participation reflects a hope for more accountability as well as transparency, in contrast to the arbitrariness of the previous eight years. New oversight institutions and a more expansive bill of rights in the constitution offer some ground for cautious optimism in the face of cynicism about the gap between the government's rhetoric and its actions. 相似文献
38.
《The Journal of Pacific history》2012,47(4):396-420
ABSTRACTThis survey reviews the growing role and presence of China in the Island Pacific. As the late Professor Ron Crocombe remarked, in the Pacific a major transition is under way from a range of European to Asian influences. Many Western observers have viewed this rise of Asian, and specifically Chinese, influence with alarm, but Crocombe saw it as offering Pacific Islanders new opportunities. This paper first analyses the diversity that can be masked by terms such as ‘China’ and ‘the Pacific’. Then it surveys recent literature on China in the Pacific and scholarship concerned with longer Chinese histories in the region that most recent commentators ignore and which question a number of their assertions. Finally, it suggests possible future directions for historical research on this topic. 相似文献
39.
The Capture and Curation of the Cannibal ‘Vendovi’: Reality and Representation of a Pacific Frontier
《The Journal of Pacific history》2012,47(3):255-282
ABSTRACTThe United States Exploring Expedition into the Pacific launched in 1838 was marked, like the continental expansion westward, by violent encounters with Native peoples. By examining the record of the expedition's kidnapping of the Fijian Ro Veidovi, the fate of his body after death, and the ways his story came to be invoked in the official narrative of the expedition, the popular press, the ‘National Gallery’ and, more recently, the Fijian press, this paper demonstrates how violent contacts on the Pacific frontier were remembered, effaced, and reconceived. The changing story of Ro Veidovi permanently bridged distant locales in an emerging ‘Pacific World’, setting in motion transcultural negotiations that continue to this day. 相似文献
40.
SAM OCK PARK 《Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie = Journal of economic and social geography = Revue de géographie économique et humaine = Zeitschrift für ?konomische und soziale Geographie = Revista de geografía económica y social》1997,88(5):425-438
The spatial organization of economic activities in the Pacific Rim has been significantly changed with the increase of international trade and FDIs and the emergence of cross-border regional economic zones or growth triangles in the Pacific Rim, especially in the Asian Pacific Rim. Localization and globalization of industries with various inter-firm relations have developed in the North American Pacific Rim. In this article, cooperative networking strategies, instead of rapid growth strategies, are suggested for the sustainable industrial development of the Pacific Rim. Inter-firm cooperative networking and localization, regional networking and regional industrial space, inter-regional networking and international economic integration, and networking the Pacific Rim are discussed as cooperative strategies of the spatial organization in the Pacific Rim for sustainable development. 相似文献