A seventeenth-century trade gun and associated collection from Pine Island,Alabama

A set of artifacts, apparently associated with human remains (one tooth), from Pine Island, Alabama, was donated to the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History in 1915. In preparation for repatriation, this collection was investigated extensively by a volunteer team. This paper reports the results of this analysis, focusing especially on a new type of trade gun and the glass beads. The goal of the research is to provide an accurate date for the collection to assist in identifying the Native American group represented.     

Biostratigraphic Evidence Relating to the Age‐Old Question of Hannibal's Invasion of Italy,II: Chemical Biomarkers and Microbial Signatures

As discussed in Part I, a large accumulation of mammalian faeces at the mire site in the upper Guil Valley near Mt. Viso, dated to 2168 cal ¹⁴C yr., provides the first evidence of the passage of substantial but indeterminate numbers of mammals within the time frame of the Punic invasion of Italia. Specialized organic biomarkers bound up in a highly convoluted and bioturbated bed constitute an unusual anomaly in a histosol comprised of fibric and hemist horizons that are usually expected to display horizontal bedding. The presence of deoxycholic acid and ethylcoprostanol derived from faecal matter, coupled with high relative numbers of Clostridia 16S rRNA genes, suggests a substantial accumulation of mammalian faeces at the site over 2000 years ago. The results reported here constitute the first chemical and biological evidence of the passage of large numbers of mammals, possibly indicating the route of the Hannibalic army at this time. Combined with the geological analysis reported in Part I, these data provide a background supporting the need for further historical archaeological exploration in this area.     

Wine Bottles From Lisbon: Archaeometric Studies Of Two Archaeological Sites Dated From The 17th To The 19th Century

Two sets of wine bottles dated between the end of the 17th and the 19th centuries were characterized by means of μ‐PIXE (major and minor elements) and LA–ICP–MS (trace and REE elements). The fragmented wine bottles were recovered from two archaeological contexts in Lisbon and reach a total of 79 fragments. One of the archaeological bottle sets comes from a house structure that collapsed during the major earthquake in 1755, providing a precise terminus ante quem. The second set comes from the exploratory archaeological intervention performed in Rua do Arsenal, where the Côrte‐Real Palace (built in the 16th century), was discovered. From this site, posterior contexts dated up to the 19th century were considered. This systematic study allowed the glass to be identified as high‐lime, low‐alkali (HLLA) for all the considered chronologies. However, the 19th‐century bottles have a different HLLA composition, suggesting the use of synthetic soda. Comparison with data from literature showed some similarity with English, Belgium and French reported compositions. This is the first systematic attempt to characterize the composition of glass wine bottles circulating in Portugal, giving new insights into their probable provenances, and on the exchange between Portugal and its trading allies.     

海昏侯墓出土马蹄金、麟趾金内嵌物的分析研究

南昌西汉海昏侯墓发掘出土了数量较多的马蹄金,为汉代黄金货币的研究工作提供了宝贵资料,出土马蹄金内均存在镶嵌物,大部分腐蚀严重。结合偏光显微分析、背散射扫描电镜\能谱、红外光谱、X射线衍射光谱对海昏侯墓主棺头箱出土的部分马蹄金内嵌物进行分析研究,依据分析结果将马蹄金内嵌物分为透闪石软玉、蛋白石、铅钡玻璃和疑似高铅玻璃4种类型。其中,铅钡玻璃基本保留玻璃态,腐蚀产物随着埋藏环境的变化存在二次结晶现象,腐蚀的最终产物是碳酸铅;疑似高铅玻璃表现出完全不同的腐蚀状态,外层硅质成分较高形成较为致密的壳状结构,内部碳酸铅以葡萄状填充在少量的硅质成分中。研究结果可为后续的保护处理与马蹄金、麟趾金的复制工作提供理论支持。     

利用FT-IR、Py-GC/MS和THM-Py-GC/MS微损分析技术探索油画文物复杂的有机基质组成

近现代油画有机基质组分复杂、难辨,其分析鉴定是当今文物保护科技研究的难点之一。利用微损分析技术研究油画文物复杂的基质结构、材料和技法,可以阐明油画特定层的性质和状况,对于专业保护人员制定修复决策至关重要——这对选择正确修复技术非常有用,关系到修复后油画的安全状态,因此已成为许多研究者关注的焦点。本研究利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、热裂解气相色谱-质谱(Py-GC/MS)和热辅助水解甲基化-裂解气相色谱-质谱(THM-Py-GC/MS)等微损分析技术对一幅中国国家博物馆藏油画《德涅泊尔河的秋天》进行科技分析。研究发现,综合运用这些微损分析技术可以有效识别油画用的胶结介质和其中添加剂的种类,最大限度、准确、完整地提取样品中所蕴含的信息。结果表明,该油画的有机胶结材料为聚乙烯醋酸酯类材料和亚麻籽油,同时聚乙烯醋酸酯类材料中使用了邻苯二甲酸二丁酯作为增塑剂。裂解产物中不含光油树脂类成分,说明画作下部的光亮层并非作者有意上的光油层。此外,油画部分区域还添加了蜂蜡作为改性材料,起到增加颜料稠度、可塑性和减弱光泽的作用。     

绚丽多彩的玻璃鼻烟壶

在清代数量众多的鼻烟壶中,以玻璃为材料制作的鼻烟壶成为一颗辉煌璀璨的艺术明珠。     

玉带板初探

玉带板始兴于唐代,终于明代。它作为皇帝和官僚贵族革带上的佩饰,是等级和地位的象征。本文对各个时期玉带板的形制、纹饰和雕琢技法进行了具体地分析。     

几种有机硅材料在南京城砖防护上的应用研究

南京将建成首家六朝博物馆,因此需要原址保护当时的城墙遗址.为隔断地下水,采取了帷幕注浆等止水措施.由于长期浸泡于水中加剧了城墙表面风化现象,因此为验证化学材料保护城砖的可能性,首先取样进行实验室研究,其中选择了氟硅类(S130)、聚硅氧烷类(派力克)和短链烷基硅氧烷类(甲基三甲氧基硅烷)三种有机硅材料作为城墙保护试验对象.试验项目包括对比样品整体浸泡渗透前后外观状态、接触角、吸水、透气性能、耐久性能的变化以及样品局部浸泡渗透前后外观状态与质量的变化.结果表明,经派力克和甲基三甲氧基硅烷保护后的样品各项性能相对较好,而亲水/憎水界面对试块影响程度与试块自身特性有关.这两种材料可尝试作为城墙的化学防风化保护材料,但还必须经过现场试验进行验证.     

蚌埠双墩一号墓和三号墓出土玉器及玻璃器研究

采用质子激发X射线荧光(PIXE)、X射线衍射(XRD)和显微拉曼光谱(Raman)三种无损分析方法对安徽蚌埠双墩一号春秋墓和三号战国墓出土的玉器和玻璃器进行了综合研究。准确判定了玉器的材质和玻璃器的成分体系,并探讨了玉器的地质成因类型和沁蚀原因等。首次在淮河流域发现天河石玉器。     

氧气（O2）对文物材料的劣化作用

氧(O2)是大气的主要成分之一,地面上的很多物质都受到氧(O2)的作用而氧化变质,文物材料也不例外。有关空气污染物对文物的影响破坏已引起人们足够的重视,但由于氧是动植物生命活动所必需的,因而氧对文物材料的劣化作用及其防治方法至今没有受到重视。本工作以氧的分子结构、键能和成键特性为出发点,说明了氧的化学活性,以及它对金属文物和有机材料文物的劣化变质作用的方式和特点,以引起文物保护工作者对这一问题的重视。同时也论述了馆藏文物保护中的一些防氧措施,成膜法和环境封存法是今后应开展的相关研究课题。