Vattel's theory of the international order: Commerce and the balance of power in the Law of Nations

Vattel's Law of Nations (1758) claimed that a system of independent states could maintain the liberty of each without undermining the ideal of an international society. The chief institution serving this purpose was the balance of power. In Vattel's account, the balance of power could be stabilized if it operated primarily through a process of commercial preferences and restrictions. These limits on how states ought to defend themselves were grounded in Vattel's thoroughly forgotten writings on the mid-eighteenth-century luxury debates, which addressed the political economy of reforming the state and pacifying the international order. An examination of Vattel's Law of Nations in this context shows that his approach to the law of nations should not be dismissed as a capitulation to the harsh reality of international politics.     

Holocene land-use evolution and associated soil erosion in the French Prealps inferred from Lake Paladru sediments and archaeological evidences

A source-to-sink multi-proxy approach has been performed within Lake Paladru (492 m a.s.l., French Prealps) catchment and a 6-m long sediment sequence retrieved from the central lacustrine basin. The combination of minerogenic signal, specific organic markers of autochthonous and allochthonous supply and archaeological data allows the reconstruction of a continuous record of past human disturbances. Over the last 10,000 years, the lacustrine sedimentation was dominated by autochthonous carbonates and the watershed was mostly forest-covered. However, seven phases of higher accumulation rate, soil erosion, algal productivity and landscape disturbances have been identified and dated from 8400 to 7900, 6000 to 4800, 4500 to 3200, 2700 to 2050 cal BP as well as AD 350–850, AD 1250–1850 and after AD 1970. Before 5200 cal BP, soil erosion is interpreted as resulting from climatic deterioration phases towards cooler and wetter conditions. During the Mid-Late Holocene period, erosion fluxes and landscape disturbances are always associated with prehistorical and historical human activities and amplified by climatic oscillations. Such changes in human land-used led to increasing minerogenic supply and nutrients loading that affected lacustrine trophic levels, especially during the last 1600 years. In addition, organic and molecular markers document previously unknown human settlements around Lake Paladru during the Bronze and the Iron Ages.     

Poor relief administration in the 1840s,and its effect on the poor: the Carlton Gilbert Incorporation,and Holbeck,Leeds

A considerable corpus of literature addresses the poor relief crisis and its culmination, the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. However, the Act's adoption was not uniform, temporally or geographically, and the role of West Riding Gilbert incorporations in delaying its local implementation, and the consequences of that delay, have received little attention. The environs of Leeds were less affected by the Act than elsewhere. Four sprawling incorporations comprising 160 townships, established under Gilbert's Act of 1782, obstructed the formation of New Poor Law unions. The largest, the Carlton Incorporation, included in its membership seven of the ten Leeds out-townships. Alongside member townships, others, interspersed but non-incorporated, like Holbeck in Leeds, might also administer relief predominantly in the tradition of Old Poor Law welfare mechanisms, with greater autonomy, and by select vestries, to which working men might be elected. Such was the case in Holbeck, where on three occasions in the 1840s Chartist administrations were returned. This paper examines the impact on the poor of relief administration in the Carlton Incorporation, and Holbeck, during the 1840s, introducing an analysis of the workings, policies, and effects of an example of Chartist local governance.     

The first English map of India

EUROPE

Somerset. By Arthur Mee. Illustrated. Map. Demy 8vo. Pp. ix+483. Price 10s. 6d.

Cambridge. By J. Stegmann. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. vii+120. Price 10s. 6d.

The Streets of London. By T. Burke. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xii+152. Price 10s. 6d.

Curiosities of Town and Countryside. By E. Vale. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii+152. Price 10s. 6d.

The English Countryside. By Various Writers. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. Pp. 250. Price 6s.

Corn Country. By C. H. Warren. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii+136. Price 7s. 6d.

Red Hell. By J. Ameel. Demy 8vo. Pp. 316. London : Robert Hale Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

The Way to an Island. By R. M. Rockley. Demy 8vo. Illustrated. Pp. xi+208. London : J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1941. Price 7s. 6d.

If I Laugh. By R. Downing. Demy 8vo. Pp. 224. London : George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1941. Price 8s. 6d.

The Eastern March Lands of Europe. By H. G. Wanklyn. Demy 8vo. Pp. xxiii+356. London : Philip and Son Ltd., 1941. Price 12s 6d.

The Place Names of West Lothian. By Angus Macdonald, M.A., Ph.D. Demy 8vo. Pp. xv+179. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd Ltd., 1941. Price 15s.

Where the Shannon River Flows. By Richard Hayward. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 327. London : George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

My Alpine Album. By F. Smythe. Illustrated. Imperial 8vo. Pp. 147. London : A. and C. Black Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

Living Space. By Stoyan Pribichevich. Demy 8vo. Pp. ix+362. London : William Heinemann Ltd., 1940. Price 15s.

Lundy, Isle of Puffins. By R. Perry. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 267. London : Lindsay Drummond, 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

Estonia. By J. H. Jackson. Demy 8vo. Pp. 248. London : George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

AFRICA

Africa Pilot. The Hydrographic Department of the Admiralty. The West Coast from Rio del Rey to Cape Hang Klip. The islands off the coast include St. Helena and Ascension. Ninth Edition, 1939.

Pattern in Black and White. By E. Bigland. Demy 8vo. Pp. 160. London : Lindsay Drummond, 1941. Price 6s.

Surveyor's Trek. By D. Anderson. Demy 8vo. Pp. 326. London : Faber and Faber Ltd., 1940. Price 10s. 6d.

Thomas Baines. By J. P. R. Wallis. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.351. London : Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1941. Price 12s 6d.

Independent Egypt. By Amine Youssef Bey. Demy 8vo. Pp. xxiv+272. London : John Murray, 1941. Price 15s.

AMERICA

The Prodigious Caribbean. By Rosita Forbes. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp.314. London : Cassell and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 15s.

This Way Southward. By A. F. Tschiffely. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xvi+354. London : William Heinemann Ltd., 1940. Price 15s.

Mexico. A New Spain with Old Friends. By J. B. Trend. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 185. London : Cambridge University Press Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

Voice from the Wilderness. By R. W. Thompson. Demy 8vo. Pp. 360. London : Faber and Faber Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

Back of Beyond. By H. Noice. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 253, London : George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 8s. 6d.

Southward Ho ! By W. La Varre. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 258. London : William Heinemann Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

ASIA

Oriental Assembly. By T. E. Lawrence. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xli+291. London : Williams and Norgate, 1940. Price 10s. 6d.

Siam in Transition. By Kenneth Perry Landon. Demy 8vo. Pp. ix+328. London : Oxford University Press, 1939. Price 10s. 6d.

Syria As It Is. By Helen Cameron Gordon. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii+211. London : Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1939. Price 10s. 6d.

Drinkers of the Wind. By Carl R. Raswan. Illustrated. Pp. 288. Demy 8vo. London : Hutchinson and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 18s.

Canoe to Mandalay. By R. Raven‐Hart. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 245. London : Frederick Muller Ltd., 1939. Price 12s. 6d.

Adventures in Siam in the Seventeenth Century. By E. W. Hutchinson. Map. Demy 8vo. Pp. xxvii+283. London : Royal Asiatic Society, 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

Briton and Turk. By Philip Graves. Demy 8vo. Pp. 260. London : Hutchinson and Co. Ltd., 1941. Price 12s. 6d.

Five Miles High. By the Members of the Karakoram Expedition. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 319. London : Robert Hale Ltd., 1940. Price 15s.

Sons of Sindbad. By A. Villiers. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. xiv+346. London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1940. Price 20s.

Land of the Blue Poppy. By F. Kingdon Ward. Pp.192. A Penguin Sixpenny Edition of Kingdon Ward's Travels in Eastern Tibet.

AUSTRALASIA

I Went to Tristan. By A. B. Crawford. Illustrated. Maps. Demy 8vo. Pp. 268. London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1941. Price 18s.

Shackleton's Boat Journey. By Commander F. A. Worsley. Crown 8vo. Pp. 191. London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1940. Price 2s. 6d.

Peaks, Packs, and Mountain Tracks. By W. S. Gilkinson. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. Pp. 120. London : Whitcombe and Tombs Ltd., 1941. Price 5s.

GENERAL

The Scot Who was a Frenchman. By Marie W. Stuart. Impl. 8vo. Pp. 327. Edinburgh : William Hodge and Co. Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

Contemporary Ancestors. By C. Young. Demy 8vo. Pp.190. London: R.T.S., 1941. Price 6s.

The Cambridge History of the British Empire. Vol. II. The Growth of the New Empire, 1783–1870. By various Authors. Impl. 8vo. Pp. xii+1068. London: Cambridge University Press, 1940. Price 50s.

Things Mortal. By Sir Frederick O'Connor. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 260. London : Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1940. Price 10s 6d.

The Last Secrets. The Final Mysteries of Exploration. By John Buchan. Demy 8vo. Pp. 303. Edinburgh : Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., 1941. Price 3s.

Middle East. By H. V. Morton. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii+326. Illustrated. London : Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1941. Price 8s. 6d.

Distant Horizon. By Carl Shreve. Illustrated. Demy 8vo. Pp. 288. London : Herbert Jenkins Ltd., 1940. Price 12s. 6d.

Our British Empire: Its Structure, Its History, and Its Strength. By Stephen Leacock. Crown 8vo. Pp.280. London: John Lane (The Bodley Head) Ltd., 1940. Price 7s. 6d.

EDUCATIONAL

The Lands of Eastern Peoples. By Bradford and Moss. Maps and Illustrations. Demy 8vo. Pp. 145. London : George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1941. Price 2s. 3d.

Man the World Over. By Carter and Brentnaix. Demy 8vo. Pp. 250 approx. Vols 1, 2 and 3. Oxford : Basil Blackwell, 1941. Price 3s. 3d. each.

Nature at Work. By E. M. Stephenson. Demy 8vo. Pp. 96 and 91. Books I and II. London : A. and C. Black Ltd., 1941. Prices 1s. 9d. and 1s. 10d.

MAPS

Bartholomew's Map of Europe Occupied by Germany. Price 3s. 6d.

Philip's The War in Maps. Price 1s. 6d. This is a handy atlas showing the various steps of German expansion from 1870 to the seizures in the present war. It is striking.     

Protecting World Heritage: Regulating Ownership and Land Use at Angkor Archaeological Park,Cambodia

This paper contemplates whether, and in what ways, proprietary interests in land and land usage are affected by a World Heritage listing, using Angkor Archaeological Park, Cambodia, as the case study. The effect is measured through the identification and synthesis of the national legislative and local regulatory response to the implementation of the World Heritage listing. Such an analysis illustrates that the listing imposes significant restraints on land use and ownership which impact directly on the local resident communities of Angkor. A breakdown of the regulatory response also highlights the limitations inherent in the existing regulatory framework. There is a consideration of the concept of ‘ownership’ in a World Heritage site of ‘outstanding universal value’. In raising these issues, this paper highlights the challenges facing heritage managers in attempting to marry local needs with the demands of international heritage protection in the setting of a post‐conflict Southeast Asian nation.     

"边疆"一词在世界主要法系中的镜像:一个语源学角度的考察

法系是比较法学的基础概念。本文主要利用语源学的方法,分析了世界三大主要法系——中华法系、罗马法系和伊斯兰法系——中领土、疆域、边疆等概念所反映的不同镜像,力图将不同的地方性知识构成较为全面的世界法律文化图景。     

Composite hunting technologies from the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene,Niah Cave,Borneo

Renewed archaeological investigation of the West Mouth of Niah Cave, Borneo has demonstrated that even within lowland equatorial environments depositional conditions do exist where organic remains of late glacial and early post-glacial age can be preserved. Excavations by the Niah Cave Research Project (NCP) (2000–2003) towards the rear of the archaeological reserve produced several bone points and worked stingray spines, which exhibit evidence of hafting mastic and fibrous binding still adhering to their shafts. The position of both gives strong indication of how these cartilaginous points were hafted and gives insight into their potential function. These artefacts were recovered from secure and ¹⁴C dated stratigraphic horizons. The results of this study have implications for our understanding the function of the Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene bone tools recovered from other regions of Island Southeast Asia. They demonstrate that by the end the Pleistocene rainforest foragers in Borneo were producing composite technologies that probably included fishing leisters and potentially the bow and arrow.     

杭州文庙彩绘现场保护研究

杭州文庙彩绘被清漆层覆盖,1988年涂覆的清漆已有发黄、鼓泡等老化现象。本文通过老化试验说明清漆已经进入了全面老化期,并且描述清漆老化对彩绘安全的危害。对彩绘颜料和清漆进行了取样分析,经过EDS检测,证明颜料主要成分是无机矿物。经过红外分析,证明清漆主要成分是多羟基丙烯酸聚合物。在文物保护现场,通过研究清漆老化程度和光照度之间的关系,证明光照是清漆老化的重要原因。在实验室研究出去除清漆而不伤及彩绘的溶胀剂,在现场通过测试色差和光泽度数值的变化,证明溶胀剂去除清漆的有效性。彩绘封护剂采用有机氟橡胶,通过接触角和耐湿热试验,证明有机氟橡胶具有较好的憎水性和耐湿热老化能力。同时在现场,通过彩绘保护前后的色差和光泽度变化,说明经过机氟橡胶保护处理过的彩绘,外观没有明显的变化。     

氟橡胶成膜物封护青铜试片的研究

为研究氟橡胶材料对青铜器物的封护性能,用氟橡胶、B72、单组分氟碳(KL)、有机硅玻璃丙烯酸树脂(硅丙)为主成分配成不同配比的试剂制备各种封护剂.对青铜试片封护后进行耐盐雾、耐二氧化硫、耐湿热、紫外老化、接触角测定、极化曲线、交流阻抗及抗压强度实验,比对封护性能.结果表明:单一成分氟橡胶溶液在超过半数的实验中表现最佳,含氟橡胶的单一和混合溶液整体优于其它材料.     

高句丽法律问题研究

本文以典籍中的一些记载和有关史实为依据,对高旬丽的法律内容作出概括、论证。揭示了高旬丽法律和司法的特征：渊源的多元性、内容的原始性、实施的残酷性。