Autogestion and competing hierarchies: deaf and other perspectives on diversity and the right to occupy space in the Mumbai surburban trains

This article offers a detailed ethnographic account of how people appropriate available space in compartments for disabled people in the Mumbai suburban trains, make it their own and monitor it, in the context of a succession of recent spatial changes. These compartments have increased in size over the years, and subsequently, the body of travellers has become more diverse. Passengers produce hierarchies based on need, physical differences, age differences and physical appearance, determining who can enter the compartments and who can’t, who can sit and who should stand, and where they should sit/stand. These hierarchies are mediated, but not dominated, by medical and disability certificates which are, in addition to a valid ticket, the documents that entitle people to travel in the handicapped compartments. Hierarchies are influenced by sexism, classism and audism and partially overlap but also are competing, such as in the case of deaf people who argue for the right to occupy seats and at the same time struggle with how to balance this quest with the need to act morally towards fellow travellers who seemingly suffer.     

The impact of long-distance commuting on salaries and employment in host regions in Chile

Long-distance commuting (LDC) is an increasingly relevant strategy of labor mobility worldwide and is therefore key to understanding the structure and dynamics of labor markets. However, little is known about the effect that LDC has on the labor market equilibrium of host territories. This paper addresses this gap for the case of Chile. While LDC is a useful strategy for improving salary and employment on a national scale, our results show a negative effect for residents in host territories (on a local scale), particularly when LDC results in commuters with similar characteristics to residents competing for the same jobs.     

基于地铁刷卡数据的城市通勤与就业中心吸引范围研究

地理时空大数据为通勤行为和城市空间结构研究带来了新的机遇。基于一周地铁刷卡数据,采用出行链（trip-chain）数据模型对用户一天的出行进行描述,建立通勤识别规则,识别出上海市域的职住空间和通勤格局。上海市域平均通勤时间为35 分钟,通勤主流向是向心流,说明上海市域依旧表现出强单中心结构。市域就业单中心与居住郊区化并存,中心城区多核心就业已经形成。在此基础上进一步分析中心城区13 个就业（次）中心的吸引范围、模式以及在整个市域的影响力,讨论多中心发展对职住平衡与通勤消减的意义。结果表明：多中心发展有利于城市通勤的合理分配,虽然次中心的平均通勤时间不一定减少,但是就业（次）中心已经表现出对邻近地区的通勤吸引和对主中心的通勤分流。     

北京市居民通勤特征研究——基于千余份问卷调查的分析

在千余份问卷调查的基础上,对北京市4个不同居住-就业空间结构样本区进行了不同交通方式、不同样本区居民的通勤距离、时间、效率等特征比较。结果表明:公共交通是北京市居民通勤的主要方式;随着通勤距离的增加,居民最常选择的交通方式从非机动车向公交再向地铁转变;北京市居民通勤时间相比于其他国际大都市偏长;私家车通勤效率最高;换乘对交通效率有较大负影响,在大型居住-就业中心通勤流中这一问题尤为严重;职住平衡的区域较之于居住或就业中心有着相对短的通勤距离和时间,以及相对高的非机动车出行比例。     

博物馆环境空气中五种有机酸的定量分析——离子色谱法

木质及纸质材料是博物馆环境空气中有机酸最主要的来源,所释放出的挥发性有机酸包含甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸等短链脂肪酸。这些有机酸气体会导致青铜文物的腐蚀,铅质器物表面的风化,珐琅、陶器的腐蚀脆化,丝织品纤维的劣化,纸张寿命的缩短等。为此,本研究建立了一种基于离子色谱同时测定博物馆环境空气中甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸等5种挥发性有机酸浓度的方法。以超纯水作为吸收液,吸收液体积为10 mL,采集流量为400 mL/min,主动采样法采集博物馆环境空气样品。采用5 mmol/L KOH淋洗液等度洗脱,在9 min内可同时测定五种挥发性有机酸的浓度。结果表明,在0.05～0.50μg/mL的线性范围内,甲酸根、乙酸根、丙酸根、丁酸根、戊酸根的标准曲线的相关系数均高于0.995,检出限为0.001～0.009μg/mL,定量限为0.004～0.030μg/mL;五种有机酸根的加标回收率为91.4%～107.4%。库房A中检测到的甲酸、乙酸的浓度范围分别为36.40～85.44μg/m³,274.42～312.11μg/m³;库房B中检测到的甲酸、乙...     

门户开放政策开端和起源研究观点述评

门户开放政策虽然由美国公开宣布于19世纪末,但史学界对该政策的开端和起源却存在着多种不同的见解,是中外史学界歧见颇多的问题之一。在有关开端和起源的国家上,有美国说、英国说甚至中国说。在开端和起源的时间上,学者们的看法更是不尽相同。比较趋同的是,基本上把英美认定为开端和起源的国家;把最惠国待遇或认定为起源,或认定为开端。学者们审视问题主要是从门户开放是一项经济政策的角度出发的,有的学者还从文化的角度、或者文化和经济的双重角度探寻该政策的起源。导致出现不同歧见的原因,主要是该政策缺乏比较明确和具体的定义。     

Global TransPark: New Competitiveness for Hong Kong and South China Based on Air Logistics

Economic globalization in the past two decades has led to a fast pace of growth of many economies in Asia Pacific, and impacted on the region's growth in air cargo. This paper discusses the future of airport infrastructure and its effect on regional competitiveness in the form of a new type of airport — Global TransPark (GTP). It identifies China's need to forge such a critical infrastructure in the New Economy, and that South China is its best location. The Hong Kong Extended Metropolitan Region (EMR) in South China stands out among competitive regions in Asia in terms of geopolitical and institutional setting under ‘One Country, Two Systems’ as the best general location for Asia's first and potentially largest GTP. Forging a GTP will promote the EMR's overall competitiveness and hastens its economic restructuring. The paper then discusses the advantages of Zhuhai Airport as the site of the potential GTP which will also incorporate the other four nearby airports within the EMR. The GTP is also a new challenge for intra-EMR cooperation in terms of customs and tariff, air rights, ground handling, and land and water transport coordination between its airports and respective local governments.     

THE IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS TRAVEL FOR INDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS – MAKING SENSE OF NOMADIC WORKERS

This article uses research on business air travel to study the external linkages of clusters. Using a typology of travellers (from commuters, explorers, and nomads to visiting tradesmen and missionaries) we show how elements of the cluster have more complex external connections than proposed by most of the cluster research literature. Maintaining these linkages involves hyper-mobility of individuals. We explore the implications of such continued physical travel for understandings of the workplace, for work-life balance and for citizenship. We conclude by warning against any one-dimensional understanding of the relationships.     

基于健康视角的城市就业者通勤模式选择及影响因素研究——以南京市为例

中国城市出现的居住和就业"空间不匹配"现象，对就业者日常通勤时间和方式产生了重要影响，进而影响就业者健康状况。依托南京市居民身体活动和健康状况问卷调查数据，根据不同通勤方式身体活动量的大小将就业者的通勤模式分为积极通勤、公共交通通勤和机动车通勤三种，构建多项Logistic回归模型探究城市就业者通勤模式的选择及相关影响因素。结果表明：①就业者对自身健康的主观认知和客观身体健康状况以及是否散步等健康行为显著影响通勤模式的选择；②通勤时间、加班等与工作相关的变量与就业者机动车通勤显著正相关，雨雪天气与积极通勤显著负相关；③个体社会经济属性中性别、年龄、家庭人口规模以及是否拥有小汽车等显著影响通勤模式选择。基于研究结果，本文对如何引导就业者选择更加积极和可持续的通勤模式提出了政策建议。