Towards a multi-scalar and multi-horizon framework of energy injustice: A whole systems analysis of Estonian energy transition

The shift from carbon-intensive to low-carbon energy systems has profound justice implications as some regions are likely to lose as much as gain from decarbonization processes. Increasing calls have been made to adopt a ‘whole systems’ perspective on energy justice. Drawing on the Multi-level Perspective on socio-technical transitions this paper presents a new comprehensive framework of energy justice in system innovation, proposing to map injustices along three dimensions: 1) multiple spatial scales (regional, national, international); 2) different time horizons (currently experienced vs. anticipated injustices); 3) connections to transition dynamics (injustices related to the optimization of the currently dominant system, destabilization of the incumbent system or the acceleration of alternative solutions in niches). The framework is applied to analyse the ongoing energy transition in Estonia, involving interactions between the incumbent oil shale based regime and wind, solar, nuclear and bioenergy as emerging niche challengers. The content analysis of news items in Estonian media reveals an inventory of 214 distinct incidents of energy injustices across 21 different categories. We find that many experienced and anticipated injustices are deployed, often strategically, by certain actors to advocate specific energy futures and to influence current political choices. From the justice perspective our analysis thus raises a question whether it is ethical to use probable yet currently unrealized injustices related to regime destabilization and niche acceleration as a means to perpetuate injustices related to the optimization of the currently dominant regime.     

鲁迅《无题（洞庭木落楚天高）》诗“涴”字义辨

鲁迅旧体诗《(洞庭木落楚天高)》七绝,自鲁迅逝世70年以来,我国鲁迅研究学界对这首诗的诠释,一直争论不休,各执其辞,各圆其说,至今未能达到统一的认识,本文作者认为,多年争论的焦点不应在“诗本事”上,而应在对诗中关键词句——“眉黛猩红涴战袍”的正确理解上,只有读通了诗的词句,才能考证出“诗本事”。作者不厌其烦的以训诂的方式,从古今20多位著名诗人的诗词中,考证出他们所用“涴”字的确切意义,从而证实了与《无题》诗中所用“涴”字的意义完全相同。     

激光清洗架上绘画研究综述

本工作从应用的激光类型、激光对主要画材的影响以及清洗表面沉积物、处理老化光油、去除复绘和清洗画背等主要应用场景等层面,系统呈现了激光清洗架上绘画的研究现状,为实际应用中激光类型等工艺参数的选择提供了全面的参考,给出了典型的工作逻辑与流程,同时也指出了现有研究中的空白和不足。     

Folded wheel-made oil lamps,standing pit burial caves and Judaean ethnic identity in the Hasmonean period

ABSTRACT

Two distinct archaeological phenomena appeared between the middle of the second century BCE and the middle of the first century: the Hasmonean folded wheel-made lamp and the standing pit burial cave. Following an examination of their dating, distribution, and social significance we suggest that this material culture was characteristic of the Jews in Judaea during this time and that it reflects the creation of an ethnic identity. The fact that the Hasmonean folded wheel-made lamp and the standing pit burial cave were typical of Jews in Judea indicates that they were ethnic features of Jewish society. By these means the Jews emphasized their dissimilarity from the rest of the population. The archaic appearance of the lamps and the burial caves, which replicates the cultural characteristics of the Kingdom of Judah during the monarchic/first Temple period, indicates that Jewish society in the Hasmonean period sought to legitimize its existence through the use of its former culture and memory.