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101.
彭建英 《中国边疆史地研究》2004,14(3):24-36
羁縻卫所制是明朝政府为了实现对西北和东北边疆地区及民族的有效统治 ,而创设的一种地方管理模式 ,与同一时期推行于西南地区的土司制有所不同。文章从羁縻卫所的设立、明朝政府的管理措施、羁縻卫所的特点及其历史作用等四个方面 ,对这一问题进行了分析和探讨。强调指出该项制度的推行和实施 ,对维持明朝北部边疆的相对稳定 ,促进边疆民族的交流与融合 ,起了积极作用。 相似文献
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Yaroslav V. Kuzmin 《Journal of Archaeological Research》2008,16(2):163-221
This article focuses on the presence of humans in Siberia and the Russian Far East at the coldest time of the Late Pleistocene,
called the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and dated to c. 20,000–18,000 rcbp. Reconstruction of the LGM environment of Siberia,
based on the latest models and compilations, provides a background for human existence in this region. Most of Siberia and
the Russian Far East at c. 20,000–18,000 rcbp was covered by tundra and cool steppe, with some forest formations in the river
valleys. Climate was much colder and drier than it is today. Eighteen Upper Paleolithic sites in Siberia are radiocarbon dated
strictly to the LGM, and at least six of them, located in southern parts of western and eastern Siberia and the Russian Far
East, have solid evidence of occupation during that time span. It seems clear that southern Siberia was populated by humans
even at the height of the LGM, and that there was no dramatic decline or complete disappearance of humans in Siberia at that
time. The degree of human adaptation to periglacial landscapes in the mid-Upper Paleolithic of northern Eurasia was quite
high; humans coped with the cold and dry environmental conditions using microblade technology, artificial shelters, tailored
clothes, and megafaunal bones as fuel.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
104.
明代贵州得到前所未有的开发,中央政府既有大同思想,对贵州各民族施行怀柔政策,希望天下归心,形成四海一家的气象,又有明显的等级观念和大汉族主义情结,坚持汉族正统地位,“明华夏之别”、“谨夷汉之防”。外来移民到贵州求生存谋发展而又疏高贵州,生活在贵州却又有着强烈的故乡情怀;依托贵州而又有傲慢之态,与贵州少数民族相依相偎而又心存排斥。贵州土司迫于政治形势接受开发,却又竭力维护既得利益;下层广大民众热心学习中原封建文化和生产技术,但是在基本生存权力得不到保障时被迫反抗。矛盾的心理一方面推动着贵州的开发进程,另一方面又使开发出现停滞或破坏。 相似文献
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Pasquino Pallecchi Gianna Giachi Maria Perla Colombini Francesca Modugno Erika Ribechini 《Journal of archaeological science》2009,36(12):2635-2642
This work presents the results of an investigation of the painting technique used in the Etruscan tomb “Tomba della Quadriga Infernale”. This tomb was discovered in Sarteano (Siena, Italy) in October 2003 and dated back to the second half of the 4th century BC. Red, dark red, pink, yellow, white, black, and grey colours were used in the tomb in order to create paintings, which now represent a very precious record of the Etruscan art of wall painting in a hypogeal environment. The technical features of the painting were revealed by stratigraphy using optical and electronic microscopy. The components and preparatory layers of the painted areas were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). XRD, SEM-EDS, and optical microscopic techniques were also used for mineralogical analysis of the rock substrate. The SEM-EDS and FTIR analyses showed that red and yellow ochre, calcite, and vegetable charcoal were used to paint the walls of the tomb: the pigments, either alone or mixed together, were utilized to produce pure colours (red, yellow, white, and black) and intermediate tonalities (pink, dark red, and grey). SEM-EDS, FTIR, and XRD highlighted that the painting was made on a preparatory layer of calcite, applied onto a levelling material made up of calcite, clay minerals, quartz, and iron oxides. GC/MS analyses revealed that egg was used as an organic binder to disperse the pigments. 相似文献
107.
北洋军阀统治时期,军人干政成为北京政治生活中的常态。内阁作为北京政府的最高行政机构,不仅掌握着中央财力的分配权和地方督军、巡阅使的任命权,且作为正统的合法性来源,成为军阀竞相角逐的对象。内阁阁员群体的社会结构和社会网络表明,地域因素、同学关系、亲属关系等都是影响内阁群体构成的重要因素。这表明中国在封建王朝向近代国家转变的过程中,传统社会关系对现实政治具有深刻影响。 相似文献
108.
The earliest evidence of prehistoric religious practice in China found so far comes from excavations at Beifudi, about 120 km south of Beijing, in the form of votive offerings and porcelain sorcery masks dated to the period 8000–7000 yr BP. These finds are part of a rich Neolithic site located on the second river terrace on the north shore of the Yi River. This paper presents results of pollen analysis of part of a sediment profile from a depression at the edge of first terrace towards second terrace, a few hundred metres away from the main archaeological finds. A sequence of marked changes in environment occurred between 9000 cal yr BP and 6000 cal yr BP, and dating evidence suggests strong associations with the ebb and flow of human activity in the area. The first phase of activity on the site begins at around 8000 cal yr BP, towards the end of a period of relatively dry, cold environmental conditions. Between 7800 cal yr BP and 7400 cal yr BP, the first clear evidence of cereal cultivation appears in the pollen record. Rich archaeological finds occur during the same time period, suggesting local prosperity. This first phase of the Beifudi culture ends at 7300 cal yr BP, when warmer and wetter conditions are inferred and wetland areas expand, reducing the area available for crop cultivation near the site. A return to drier and cooler conditions from 6900 cal yr BP corresponds with the second phase of apparent prosperity in the archaeological record from Beifudi. This phase ends at around 6500 cal yr BP, at the start of another shift towards wetter conditions in the flood plain environment. The pollen record suggests that environmental conditions in the flood plain were a major determinant of human activity at Beifudi in the early-mid Holocene. 相似文献
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110.